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7th Grade > Systems of the Body - Muscular, Endocrine, Circulatory, and Digestive > Flashcards

Systems of the Body - Muscular, Endocrine, Circulatory, and Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main purposes of the muscular system?

A
  1. Stabilize
  2. Maintain Posture
  3. Produce movement
  4. Move substances within the body
  5. Produce heat
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2
Q

What are the four characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

excitability, contractility, elasticity, and extensibility

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3
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

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4
Q

Name the proteins that attach to each other to produce the start of muscle contraction.

A

myosin and actin

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5
Q

Myosin and actin are contained in the ______________

A

sarcomere - the smallest unit of the muscle

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6
Q

A bundle of sarcomeres is a ______________________

A

myofibril

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7
Q

A bundle of myofibrils is a ____________________

A

muscle fiber

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8
Q

A bundle of muscle fibers is a ______________________

A

fascicle

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9
Q

A bundle of fascicles is a _____________________

A

skeletal muscle

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10
Q

What form of energy powers muscle contract?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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11
Q

Describe what happens during a muscle contraction.

A

The nervous system sends an action potential to the motor unit; the motor unit triggers the myosin and actin to latch onto each other, which ripples all the way up from sarcomere to fascicle. If the stimulus is strong enough, it triggers more motor units, which contract more of the total muscle.

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12
Q

Which form of muscle contraction leads to movement?

A

Isotonic

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13
Q

Which form of muscle contraction causes no movement?

A

isometric

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14
Q

What’s the difference between an origin and an insertion of a muscle?

A

the origin doesn’t move; the insertion point does.

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15
Q

What’s is the agonist of a movement?

A

the muscle that does the work

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16
Q

What is the antagonist of a movement?

A

the muscle that opposes the agonist

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17
Q

What are synergists?

A

Muscles that help the agonist

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18
Q

Where are the hamstrings located?

A

posterior of the upper leg, opposite the quadriceps

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19
Q

Where are the pectoralis major located?

A

the chest

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20
Q

Where are the biceps and triceps located?

A

the upper arm

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21
Q

Where are the latissismus dorsi located?

A

the back

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22
Q

What are the deltoids?

A

The shoulder muscles

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23
Q

What is the gastronemius?

A

the calf muscle

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24
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

the organs and glands that produce hormones and essential materials to regulate homeostasis

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25
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of internal conditions that keep the organism alive (things like body temperature, heartbeat, breathing, etc)

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26
Q

What is the type of gland that produces material on the outside/surface of the body?

A

exocrine glands (like sweat, saliva, and oil glands)

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27
Q

Where do endocrine glands operate?

A

within the body

28
Q

What type of feedback loop is more common and tells the body to slow down or stop production of a hormone?

A

negative feedback loop

29
Q

What makes a steroid hormone different from a non-steroid hormone?

A

Steroids are fat-soluble so they can pass through hydrophobic cell membranes without help. Non steroid hormones are water-soluble so they need help passing through the hydrophobic cell membrane

30
Q

What do steroid hormones do?

A

They tell the DNA to order the cell to perform specific functions

31
Q

What do non-steroid hormones do?

A

They alter cell metabolism and activity

32
Q

What does the pancreas regulate?

A

insulin and glucagon; manages blood sugar levels

33
Q

What does the pituitary regulate?

A

HGH and 7 others; relays instructions to other glands

34
Q

What do the adrenals produce?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine; control the body’s stress response.

35
Q

What does the thyroid affect?

A

cellular and body metabolism

36
Q

What does the parathyroid affect?

A

calcium absorption by the bones and blood

37
Q

What hormones do the testes and ovaries primarily produce?

A

Ovaries produce estrogen

Testes produce testosterone

38
Q

What does the pineal gland control?

A

melatonin production; regulates our circadian rhythm (our day/night cycle)

39
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

to deliver important nutrients around the body, to remove waste products from cells, to transport disease fighting cells

40
Q

What are the three main parts of the circulatory system?

A

blood, the heart, and blood vessels

41
Q

What are the four types of blood cells?

A

red, white, platlets, and plasma

42
Q

What is the quality of blood pumped through the right side of the heart?

A

It is deoxygenated.

43
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood get pumped to?

A

the lungs

44
Q

Which type of blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart and throughout the body?

A

arteries

45
Q

Which type of blood vessel has cell walls that are only 1 cell thick for easy gas exchange?

A

capillaries

46
Q

What are the two loops of the circulatory system called?

A

the pulmonary loop - brings blood from the heart to the lungs and back.
The systemic loop - brings blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back

47
Q

What are the purposes of the digestive system?

A

to break down food into smaller nutrients, to absorb nutrients into the bloodstream, and to expel waste

48
Q

What are the “big three” nutrients?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

49
Q

What do carbs, fats, and proteins get broken into during digestion?

A

carbs=sugars, fats=fatty acids, proteins=amino acids

50
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

mechanical and chemical

51
Q

The main instrument of mechanical digestion in the mouth are the ___________

A

teeth

52
Q

Which type of digestion is stomach acid responsible for?

A

chemical

53
Q

Which one prevents food from “going down the wrong pipe”: the esophagus or the epiglottis?

A

the epiglottis

54
Q

Where does digested food travel to from the stomach in its liquid form?

A

the small intestine

55
Q

Which one absorbs nutrients: the small or large intestine?

A

the small intestine

56
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

compacts undigested food waste from the large intestine and expels it through the anus

57
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

the rippling contraction of the smooth muscle that makes up the esophagus, stomach, and intestines to push things through or break them apart.

58
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

A

To take oxygen into the bloodstream and expel carbon dioxide

59
Q

What is the process of breathing called scientifically?

A

ventilation

60
Q

Inhalation and exhalation cause a change in chest _______

A

volume; the ribcage and diaphragm move to provide or remove space for incoming air

61
Q

Which structure of the lungs is responsible for gas exchange?

A

alveoli

62
Q

Which two gases are swapped in the alveoli?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

63
Q

The trachea splits into which two structures?

A

bronchi and bronchioles

64
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

also known as the “voice box”; manipulates the path of exhaled air to produce pitch and tone.

65
Q

What type of blood vessel covered the surface of the alveoli?

A

capillaries

7th Grade (19 decks)

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