T1 Cell structure Flashcards

(117 cards)

1
Q

chromatic aberration

A

production of images with light split into different colours, prevented since 1800s via combination of 2 images.

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2
Q

optical microscopes

A

where light focussed through a series of lenses magnifies objects up to 100 times.

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3
Q

magnification

A

number of times larger an object appears compared to actual size.

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4
Q

magnification lens equation

A

objective lens power * eyepiece lens power

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5
Q

resolution

A

ability to distinguish between close together but separate objects

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6
Q

dissecting microscope function

A

used for observation at low magnification

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7
Q

wet mount

A

temporary preparation in which specimen and a drop of fluid are trapped under a coverslip so thin tissue sections can be seen.

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8
Q

non-viable stains

A

for use on dead specimens

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9
Q

viable specimens

A

for use on alive specimens

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10
Q

iodine stain

A

tests for starch, turning blue-black

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11
Q

crystal violet stain

A

tests for gram/nucleus, turning purple

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12
Q

aniline sulfate stain

A

tests for lignin, turning yellow

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13
Q

methylene blue stain

A

nuclei turns blue

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14
Q

hematoxylin and eosin

A

H turns nucleus blue/violet

E turns proteins red/pink

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15
Q

difference between a compound microscope and dissecting microscope

A

compound produces a 2d image through a thin, transparent sample// dissecting produces a 3d image, looking at surface details.
compound has smaller distance between the lens and the specimen

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16
Q

example of mounting liquid

A

water, glycerol, stain

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17
Q

why must specimens be so thin?

A

so that light can pass through so that features can more easily be seen.
Also to reduce the number of layers of cells.

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18
Q

function of coverslip

A

to exclude air bubbles that obscure the view of the specimen/ to smooth out the specimen.

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19
Q

why is the lowest magnification always used first?

A

allows a larger area to be viewed so that specific areas can be more easily located. Also, makes focussing easier, protects slide from large movements.

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20
Q

stain function

A

enhancement of specific features of a sample

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21
Q

electron microscopes

A

use short wavelengths of electrons to produce high resolution images of small specimens

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22
Q

SEM

A

scanning electron microscope

electrons bounce off surface of object to produce detailed images of external appearance.

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23
Q

TEM

A

transmission electron microscope

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24
Q

TEM process

A

electrons pass through specimen and are scattered.

magnetic lenses focus the image onto a fluorescent screen/photographic plate.

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25
ultramicrotome
cuts v thin wafers of specimens
26
SEM process
scans sample w a beam of primary electrons, knocking them from the sample's surface. secondary electrons are picked up by a collector, amplified and transmitted onto a viewing screen/photographic plate (3D image).
27
wavelength, lenses, specimen type, max res, max mag of light microscope
``` 400-700nm glass lenses living/non-living specimens 200nm res 1300 * mag coloured surface image ```
28
wavelength, lenses, specimen type, max res, max mag of TEM microscope
0.005 nm EM lenses non-living specimen on copper grid in a vacuum 1nm res 250,000*mag heavy metal stains used to produce monochrome image
29
wavelength, lenses, specimen type, max res, max mag of SEM microscope
``` 0.005 EM lenses non-living specimen on metal disc in vacuum 10nm res 100,000 mag ```
30
graticule
part within the eyepiece, enabling you to measure the size of an object usually 1mm divided into 100 equal widths, used in combination w a stage micrometer to work out size
31
haemocytometer
used to count no. of cells in a set area/volume using a grid
32
stage micrometer
a slide w a scale exactly 1mm long, divided into 100 divisions, allowing calibration of graticule.
33
linear magnification
calculated by taking a ratio of image height to the object's actual height
34
linear mag ratio enlargement
greater than 1
35
linear mag ratio reduction
smaller than one
36
cell theory
all living cells are composed of cells/cell products new cells are formed by divisions of pre-existing cells cells contain genes needed to function, grow and develop. all chemical reactions of life take place in cells
37
functions of life
``` Movement Respiration Sensitivity Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition ```
38
virus structure
(non-living/cellular) 20-300nm w no cytoplasm/organelles/chromosomes. RNA/DNA found in a protein coating, depending on host cells for metabolism and reproduction.
39
prokaryotic cells
autotrophic/heterotrophic single-celled lack membrane-bound organelles cell walls contain peptidoglycan
40
eukaryotic cells
contain linear chromosomes and membrane-bound organelles
41
types of eukaryotic cell
plant animal fungal protoctist
42
plant eukarya
multicellular, autotrophic (photosynthetic) and has cellulose cell walls
43
animal eukarya
part of multicellular organism w specialised cells no cell wall heterotrophic
44
fungal eukarya
plant-like chitin cell walls heterotrophic
45
what is found in fungal cell walls?
chitin
46
what is found in plant cell walls?
cellulose
47
protoctist eukarya
single-celled/w cell colonies | autotrophic/photosynthetic/heterotrophic
48
what is found in prokaryotic cell walls?
peptidoglycan
49
cell size range
between2-100 micrometres
50
size difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes are up to 10* smaller than eukaryotes
51
amyloplasts
plastids specialised for storage, particularly of starch.
52
chloroplast
contains green pigment chlorophyll, dense stacks of membranes within a colourless fluid, enables photosynthesis
53
what ribosomes do chloroplasts contain?
10S
54
cell wall
semi-rigid, cellulose structure to support the cell and regulate pressure/volume.
55
middle lamella
first layer of cell wall formed during division, containing pectin and protein. It provides stability and allows formation of plasmodesmata.
56
plasmodesmata
channels allowing communication and transport between the cells.
57
cytoplasm
solution of enzymes and dissolved substances, the site of translation in the cell.
58
ribosome
structures manufacturing protein, lying free or coming off of the endoplasmic reticulum.
59
nucleus
controller of cells activities
60
endoplasmic reticulum
a continuous network of tubes and flattened sacs w the plasma and nuclear membrane.
61
rough ER
ER w ribosomes attached
62
mitochondrion
energy transformers from chemical energy into ATP
63
what sort of ribosomes do mitochondria contain?
10S
64
large central vacuole
aqueous solution of ions found to function in storage, waste disposal and growth.
65
where are 80S ribosomes found
in the cytoplasm
66
tonoplast
vacuole membrane
67
lysosome
sac bound by a single membrane from the Golgi apparatus, containing transport enzymes that break down food/foreign matter. when specialise dare absent from plant cells.
68
tight junctions
join cells together in formation of tissues
69
nuclear pore
hole in the nuclear membrane allowing nucleus to communicate w the rest of the cell.
70
centrioles
structures associated with nuclear division, composed of microtubules. absent in some plants/protoctists
71
mitochondrion
organelle bounded by a double membrane system, numbers depending on metabolic activity of the cell
72
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ER without ribosomes. | site for lipid/carb metabolism and hormone synthesis.
73
ribosomes
small free structures in the cytoplasm with the ER. | animal cells have 80S ribosomes.
74
rough ER
site of protein synthesis, synthesising new membranes by adding proteins and phospholipids.
75
Golgi apparatus
series of flattened, disc-shaped sacs stacked and connected with ER. Stores, modifies and packages proteins, 'tagging' them to go to their correct destination.
76
cytoskeleton
complex structure of tubules and fibres, resisting tension and providing structural support to maintain cellular shape.
77
3 proteinaceous elements
microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules
78
what features of an animal cell also count as cytoskeleton?
the flagella and cilia (are microtubules)
79
how is the cytoskeleton dynamic?
use of motor proteins which move along cytoskeletal tracks while hydrolysing ATP.
80
why is the cytoskeleton dynamic?
to alter the cell's shape and move materials/ the cell itself.
81
what are the sub-units of microfilaments?
actin
82
structure of microfilaments
2 intertwined strands
83
function of microfilaments
shape maintenance motility contraction cytokinesis
84
intermediate filaments sub-units
fibrous proteins
85
structure of intermediate filaments
fibres in thicker cables
86
functions of intermediate filaments
shape maintenance | anchors nucleus and organelles
87
microtubules sub-units
alpha and beta tubulin dimers
88
microtubules structure
hollow tubes
89
microtubules function
shape maintenance motility move chromosomes
90
how do microfilaments grow/shrink?
actin sub-units are added/taken away from either end
91
which side do vesicles enter the Golgi from?
cis
92
which side do transport vesicles leave the Golgi?
trans
93
function of enzymes in the ER
aid the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, steroid hormones and lipids
94
stages of protein production for excretion?
polypeptide chains grow from bound ribosome chain threaded through pore to ER and folded into correct 3D shape. carb attached to protein by enzyme while separated from ribosomes in cytosol. Leave ER in a vesicle bud then received by Golgi for storage, modification and transport to the plasma membrane for exocytosis
95
macromolecule
large organic polymers made up of many smaller repeating units. made up of high molecular weight
96
examples of macromolecules
proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides
97
why are transporting proteins synthesised by membrane-bound ribosomes?
so that they can easily be transported into the cisternal part of the ER
98
role of SER in production of secreting proteins
synthesises lipids and transports them into transport vesicles.
99
role of Golgi in production of secreting proteins
receives transport vesicles, modifies, stores and transports them for export out of the cell
100
cellular respiration
a set of metabolic reactions converting biochemical energy from food into ATP.
101
ATP
adenosine triphosphate | phosphorylated nucleotide which acts as the universal energy carrier
102
where's ATP produced?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
103
how does ATP produce energy?
via hydrolysis
104
cell wall of prokaryote
provides shape and prevents rupture, anchoring flagella | composed of peptoglycan, lipolysaccharide and lipoprotein
105
cytoplasmic inclusions
aggregations of storage molecules
106
Fimbrae
hairs used to attach to surfaces/other cells
107
plasmid
provides genes for antibiotic resistance and can be transferred between cells
108
flagella
provides locomotion
109
how do prokaryotic plasma membranes differ from eukaryotic?
less rigid
110
what sort of ribosomes are found in prokaryotes?
70S
111
where's circular chromosome found?
in the nucleoid region
112
polysaccharide capsule
contributes to virulence of pathogenic prokaryotes
113
bacterial shapes
rod, comma, sphere and spiral
114
process by which bacteria divide
binary fission
115
virus
infectious, v specialised intracellular parasite which are acellular and non-living. Pathogens which replicate inside living cells of other organisms.
116
general structure of a virus
genetic material (RNA/DNA) encased in a capsid (protein coat) or envelope too w glycoprotein receptor spikes.
117
what happens when viral replication is complete? | how does this differ in plant/animal cells?
virons leave the cell to infect more cells | buds off animal cells and travels through plasmodesmata of plant cells.