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CIE Biology A1 > The Mitotic cell cycle > Flashcards

The Mitotic cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

telomere

A

protective sequences of nucleotides found at ends of chromosomes, shortening every time a cell divides.

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2
Q

telomerase

A

enzyme allowing replenishment of telomeres

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3
Q

chromosome structure

A

double structure, made of two identical chromatids (each containing one dna molecule), centromere holds the two chromatids together, telomeres are at ends

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4
Q

chromatin

A

mixture of proteins and dna

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5
Q

histones

A

proteins which dna wraps around to prevent tangling

packaging proteins

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6
Q

why do histones react easily with dna?

A

they are basic and so react with acidic dna

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7
Q

nucleosome

A

a cylindrical shape made up of 8 histones with which dna wraps itself around (5/3 turns). dna inbetween is held in place by histone molecules. can be coiled and supercoiled.

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8
Q

2 forms of chromatin

A

euchromatin and heterochromatin

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9
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely coiled chromatin (seen between divisions)

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10
Q

heterochromatin

A

tightly coiled chromatin (seen at nuclear division)
mostly inactive genes.
stains more densely

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11
Q

when is chromatin most condensed

A

metaphase so is easier to separate into 2 new cells

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12
Q

mitosis

A

cell division producing 2 genetically identical daughter nuclei, each containing same number of chromosomes as parent

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13
Q

cell cycle stages

A

interphase
nuclear division
cell division

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14
Q

interphase

A

cell grows and performs normal function, synthesising proteins and other substances.

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15
Q

2 types of nuclear division

A

mitosis

meiosis

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16
Q

cell cycle

A

regular sequence of events that takes place between one cell division and the next

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17
Q

what happens in the s phase

A

(s=synthesis of dna)

dna replication, forming 2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere

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18
Q

what happens in the G1 phase

A

(interphase)
cellular contents, except chromosomes, duplicated
cell makes RNA, enzymes and other proteins needed for growth

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19
Q

what happens in the G2 phase

A

cell checks the duplicated chromosomes to make repair, continues with function and prepares for division

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20
Q

mitosis acronym

A

IPMAT

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21
Q

cytokinesis

A

when the cytoplasm is constricted between 2 nuclei

and in plant cell, cell wall is laid down equator

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22
Q

mitosis importance

A

allows for growth of multicellular organisms from unicellular zygotes
replacement and repair of damaged tissue
asexual reproduction
immune response (clonal proliferation of white blood cells)

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23
Q

how many daughter cells are produced in meiosis

haploid/diploid?

A

4

haploid

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24
Q

differences between meiosis and mitosis

A

meiosis has 4 haploid daughter and mitosis 2 diploid
meiosis has 2 divisions while mitosis has 1
mitosis genetically identical daughters while meiosis has genetically different daughter cells

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25
how are genes on a chromosome structured
start sequence exon (coding region) intron (noncoding region) stop sequence
26
exon
coding region of dna
27
intron
non-coding region of dna
28
reproduction via mitosis
simple eukaryotic organisms reproduce mitotically via budding in which daughter cell buds off of parent cell
29
method of reproduction for prokaryotes
binary fission
30
proportion of cell's time in interphase
90%
31
stages of interphase
G1 S G2
32
m phase
mitosis and cytokinesis
33
apoptosis
programmed cell destruction
34
repeated sequence of telomerase in humans | how many times is it repeated
TTAGGG | repeated 2500 times
35
interphase
replicates dna | centrosome, composed of 2 centrioles is also replicated
36
early prophase
nuclear membrane breaks down dna condenses into chromosomes centrioles move to opposite poles of cell
37
late proteins
chromosomes appear w centromeres | spindle fibres form (microtubules and proteins)
38
metaphase
spindle fibres attach to chromosomes or span the cell | chromosomes line up along equator of cell
39
anaphase
spindle fibres shorten, pulling to opposite poles of cell
40
late anaphase
other spindle fibres lengthen, causing cell to elongate
41
telophase
2 new nuclei form, cleavage forms between 2 new cells
42
origin of spindle fibres
centrosome
43
cytokinesis in plants
cell plate is formed via vesicles derived from the Golgi joining to form cell wall
44
cytokinesis in animals
ring of microtubules gather in center of cell and form a cleavage furrow which inverts to separate
45
Cells in meristem
Totipotnet and undifferentiated
46
Mitosis in plants
Occur in meristem | Divide, elongate and specialise
47
Root cap
Protects the growing tip of root behind, undergoing cell division to replace lost cells
48
mitotic index
ratio of cells in mitosis to the number of cells counted | Number of cells in mitosis/number of cells counted
49
stem cells
undifferentiated cells found in multicellular organisms characterised by properties of self-renewal and potency
50
how do stem cells specialise
develop from a multipotent cell which divides to produce a daughter stem cell and precursor cell (lymphoid/myeloid)
51
3 types of stem cell
totipotent pluripotent multipotent
52
totipotent stem cells
can differentiate into all cells in an organism
53
pluripotent
give rise to any cells of the body, except extra-embryonic cells
54
multipotent
adult stem cells giving rise to limited number of cell types, related to tissue of origin.
55
self-renewal
the ability to divide many times while maintaining unspecialised state
56
potency
the ability to differentiate into specialised cells
57
skin regions
epidermis | dermis
58
epidermis
layered barrier
59
dermis
supports and nourishes the epidermis
60
keratinocytes
skin cells w life cycle of 4 weeks, formed by division of stem cells at basal layer, differentiating to form layers of the epidermis.
61
keratinised layer
flattened layer of dead cells covered w waterproof keratin
62
granuled layer
layers of cells containing granules of keratin
63
prickle cell layer
polyhedral cell layer tightly bound so appear spiky
64
checkpoint
a critical regulatory point in the cell cycle
65
G1 checkpoint
cell size must be large enough availability of sufficient nutrients signals from other cells received if not, will enter an arrested phase (G0)
66
G2 checkpoint
cell size chromosomes replicated proteins synthesised
67
metaphase checkpoint
all chromosomes attached to mitotic spindle at correct tension cyclin b degraded, sister chromatids separate moves on to anaphase
68
3 checkpoints
g1 g2 metaphase
69
whats entry into the cell phase controlled by?
cyclin B, reaching concentration peak at g2-m phase boundary
70
apoptosis
programmed cell death
71
formation of cancer cells
mutations caused by mutagens caused cells controlling cell growth and replication to turn into oncogenes. can be ruled out by checkpoints however tend to evade checkpoints and divide rapidly
72
carcinogens
mutagens that cause cancer
73
benign tumors
harmless | formation matched by cell death
74
malignant tumours
primary tumour, encouraging capillary formation, providing w more nutrients
75
metastasis
new capillary route for malignant cells to break away from primary tumour to other body parts

CIE Biology A1 (15 decks)

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