T18 Biodiversity, Classification and Conservation

Question 1

species

Answer 1

group of organisms- similar morphology/ physiology. can reproduce to produce fertile offspring/ reproductively isolated.

Question 2

habitat

Answer 2

where an organism, a population or community lives, defined by physical features/ abiotic characteristics.

Question 3

population

Answer 3

all organisms in same species in a place, interbreeding.

Question 4

community

Answer 4

all living organisms, all species, found in particular ecosystem at a particular time.

Question 5

environment

Answer 5

factors affecting organisms in ecosystem, comprising of abiotic/ biotic.

Question 6

ecosystem

Answer 6

self-contained, interacting community of organisms and environment they live and they interact.

Question 7

ecological niche

Answer 7

role of an organism in the ecosystem

Question 8

fundamental niche

Answer 8

niche an organism can occupy without competition.

Question 9

realised niche

Answer 9

the niche an organism actually occupies in an ecosystem (w competition)

Question 10

resource partitioning and competition

Answer 10

broad niche w one species that can be sectioned into two niches. intra-specific competition results in populations becoming more specialised to a particular aspect of the resource. if the population stops interbreeding then two new species will result.

Question 11

abiotic factors

Answer 11

soil, atmosphere, water

Question 12

biotic factors

Answer 12

producers, consumers, detrivores, decomposers

Question 13

biodiversity

Answer 13

variety of ecosystems and species in an area and the genetic diversity within a species.

Question 14

species richness

Answer 14

number of species

Question 15

genetic diversity

Answer 15

diversity of genes within species

Question 16

ecosystem diversity

Answer 16

refers to diversity at the ecosystem level

Question 17

keystone species

Answer 17

species with a disproportionate effect on ecosystem stability because of pivotal role.

Question 18

species evenness

Answer 18

proportion of individuals of each species in an area (relative abundance)

Question 19

types of sampling

Answer 19

systematic, stratified, opportunistic

Question 20

stratified sampling

Answer 20

divides the population into subgroups before sampling, mutually exclusive strata, used to highlight a specific subgroup

Question 21

function of sampling

Answer 21

to gain data on composition and abundance

Question 22

two factors to measure when investigating a species

Answer 22

distribution and abundance

Question 23

methods of sampling when measuring abundance and distribution

Answer 23

point sampling, quadrats, line transects, belt transects, mark and recapture sampling

Question 24

diversity indices function

Answer 24

quantify biodiversity in an area and can be used to measure ecosystem health

Question 25

simpson's index of diversity

Answer 25

D = 1-(sigma (n/N)^2) N is total number of organisms n is total number of organisms in a species

Question 26

why is baseline data useful when interpreting a diversity index

Answer 26

allows you to compare the result of a diversity study and decide if diversity is greater or less or if has changed over time from place to place.

Question 27

importance of recognising assumptions in investigations

Answer 27

allow for plausible explanations if results don't support hypothesis, and recognise limitations of the investigation

Question 28

quadrat sampling role

Answer 28

estimates population abundance, density, frequency of occurrence and distribution

Question 29

estimated average density formula

Answer 29

total number of individuals counted/ (number of quadrats * area of each quadrat)

Question 30

guidelines for quadrat use

Answer 30

``` area of each quadrat must be known enough quadrat samples must be taken population of each quadrat must be known size of quadrat must be appropriate must be representative of whole area ```

Question 31

how to know how many quadrat samples to take

Answer 31

plot cumulative number of species recorded on y axis and number of quadrats taken on x. point at which curve levels off indicates suitable number of quadrats required.

Question 32

acronym for description of abundance

Answer 32

ACFOR

Question 33

What does ACFOR stand for

Answer 33

abundant, common, frequent, occasional, rare

Question 34

difference between animal and plant sampling

Answer 34

plant sampling can be done by quadrats, transects, abundance scales and percentage cover. methods for animal sampling are more diverse and density is more commonly measured.

Question 35

main consideration when determining quadrat size

Answer 35

must be large enough to be representative and small enough to minimise effort

Question 36

advantages and disadvantages of staggering quadrat distances

Answer 36

allows for observation of a greater extent of trend | doesn't allow for direct observation between two quadrats

Question 37

the lincoln index

Answer 37

total population= (no. of animals in first sample * number of animals in second sample)/ number of marked animals in second sample

Question 38

disadvantages of mark and recapture sampling

Answer 38

marked animals may die in the meantime animals may not have mixed properly between marked and unmarked animals can't be used with immobile animals

Question 39

assumptions in mark and recapture sampling

Answer 39

marking doesn't affect survival marked and unmaked are captured randomly marks aren't lost animals aren't territorial

Question 40

methods for marking animals for capture recapture

Answer 40

banding on legs tags on ears paint/dye

Question 41

function of the chi-squared test

Answer 41

compares sets of categorical data and evaluates if the differences between them are statistically significant. aims to test the null hypothesis

Question 42

what is the chi-squared test inappropriate for

Answer 42

small sample sizes

Question 43

where do you enter data from a chi-squared test?

Answer 43

in a contingency table

Question 44

how do you calculate expected values for a chi-squared test?

Answer 44

divide the row total by the grand total and multiply by the column total

Question 45

chi squared formula

Answer 45

sigma: (O-E)^2 / E O (observed value) E (estimated value)

Question 46

how to calculate degrees of freedom

Answer 46

(rows-1)*(columns-1)