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Module 203 Reproduction & endocrinology > T2 L21 Children with renal abnormalities > Flashcards

T2 L21 Children with renal abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of lesions?

A 
Congenital
Infective
Tumours
Inflammatory
Traumatic
Others e.g. autoimmune
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2
Q

Where does kidney development start from?

A

Metanephros

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3
Q

Where is the metanephros located?

A

Towards caudal end of developing foetus

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4
Q

What stimulates kidney development?

A

Development of ureteric bud

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5
Q

Where does ureteric bud develop from?

A

Region of hindgut which becomes part of the bladder

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6
Q

Why do dysplastic kidneys occur?

A

Ureteric bud has probably not stimulated correct bit of tissue in metanephros

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7
Q

What is a duplex kidney?

A

Has 2 ureters

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8
Q

What is a complex duplex kidney?

A

2 ureters go to the bladder

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9
Q

What is Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome?

A

Abnormalities of vagina (agenesis), uterus, fallopian tubes which is commonly associated with an absent kidney

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10
Q

What are horseshoe kidneys?

A

Kidneys fuse together at their lower pole and won’t ascend further than mesenteric artery

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11
Q

What is pyuria?

A

Presence of pus in urine

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12
Q

What can happen if a UTI goes untreated?

A

It can result in pyonephrosis which can destroy the kidney

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13
Q

What is vesicoureteral reflux?

A

Urine flows backwards into ureters and can travel as far as the kidneys

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14
Q

Describe a VUR grade I

A

Minor reflux
Urine only goes slightly up the ureter and not to the kidney
Ureter isn’t dilated

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15
Q

Describe a VUR grade V

A

Major reflux
Urine pools up to the kidney
Ureter is very dilated

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16
Q

What is the management of a VUR?

A

Mostly non-operative
Many will stop refluxing after 5 years
Uro-prophylaxis
Good follow up

17
Q

What is mega-ureter?

A

Dilated ureter
May be associated with other problems like duplex systems
Associated ureterocoele

18
Q

What are posterior urethral valves?

A

Obstructing membrane in posterior male urethra

19
Q

Describe a buried penis

A

Penis is of normal size but is hidden under skin of abdomen, thigh or scrotum
Will resolve at puberty when penis grows

20
Q

Describe a hypospadias

A

Meatus is in the wrong place

Foreskin is often not completely formed on its underside

21
Q

What is ureterocele?

A

Swelling of ureter as it enters the bladder

22
Q

Why does an inguinal hernia and hydrocele occur?

A

Arises from failure of processes vaginalis to obliterate completely

23
Q

Describe the incidence of undescended testes

A

3.4% newborn boys

20% greater incidence in preterm

24
Q

What is the Fowler-Stephens technique?

A

Ligation of main testicular vessels in situ in abdomen

25
Q

Describe the normal descent of the testes

A

Descent completed in third trimester
Hormonal
Mechanical factors
Role of gubernaculum

Module 203 Reproduction & endocrinology (52 decks)

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