What are the proteins of desosomes?
Desmoglein and desmocollin
What stimulates and inhibits oestoclast activity?
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin respectively
Which gland releases secretions by whole cell release?
Holocrine, sebaceous glands of skin
What is in the middle of the diaphysis?
Bone marrow
What is the concentration of plasma K+?
4 mmol
What happens in the zone of resting cartilage?
This zone contains normal, resting hyaline cartilage.
What is a collagen fibril formed of?
A repeated pattern of tropocollagen with cross links
What are melanocytes derived from?
Neural crest cells
What is found in the stratum granalosum (granular cell layer)?
Keratinocyte granules
Zone of calcification
In this zone, chondrocytes are either dying or dead, leaving cavities that will later become invaded by bone-forming cells.
What do serous membranes consist of?
Mesothelium
What is osteogenesis imperfecta?
A collagen disorder causing brittle bones which is more severe when the mutation is nearer the C terminal of the amino acid
What is a normal Hb count?
120g/L
What are proteoglycans?
GAGs that bind to hyaluronan forming bottle brush structure
What is the concentration of intracellular Ca+?
100 nmol
Where is ciliated columner epithelium with goblet cells found?
Respiratory system
What is a normal WBC count?
5-10 X 10^9/L
Which connective tissue contains significant chondroitin sulphate?
Cartilage
What is the concentration of intracellular Ca+?
100 nmol
What is found in the stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer)?
Keratin accumulates around spot desosomes and Langerhan’s cells are found among keratinocytes. The permeability barrier forms.
What are the 3 types of fibrous joint and where are they found?
Suture (e.g. skull bones)
Sydesmoses (interosseous, e.g. fibula to tibula)
Gomphoses (e.g. tooth to jaw)
What is an advantage of x-ray?
High spatial resolution
What is average mean blood pressure of systemic circulation?
92 mmHg
What are the 3 kinds of joint in the body and how are they different?
Fibrous- united by collagen
Cartilaginous- united by cartilage
Synovial- fluid filled
What do oestoblasts secrete?
Inorganic components of bone matrix
How are connective tissue cells linked to extra cellular matrix?
By intergrins and transmembrane proteins which link intracellular actin to extracellular collagen
What is found in the stratum corneum (cornified layer)?
Cells become squamous and die, and keratin becomes linked by disulphide
What is a normal RBC count?
4-55 x 10^12/L
Zone of ossification or degeneration
Osteoprogenitor cells invade the area and differentiate into osteoblasts, which elaborate matrix that becomes calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage. This is followed by resorption of the calcified cartilage/calcified bone complex.
What is the concentration of plasma Na+?
140 mmol
What is the concentration of intracellular Na+?
10 mmol
What kind of bone is formed in recovery from fracture?
Woven bone
What is the concentration of intracellular K+?
120 mmol
How long does it take a cell to travel from the basal layer to the cornified layer?
25/30 days
Which corpuscles convey light touch?
Meissener’s corpuscles
What are glycosaminoglycans?
Polymers of disaccharide subunits with sulphate and carboxylate side groups
Which transmembrane receptors do adhesion proteins bind to?
Intergins
What is a normal platelet count?
140-400 x 10^9/L
What is found in the stratum basale (basal cell layer)?
Keratinocyte stem cells
What is the concentration of intracellular Na+?
10 mmol
Which kind of bone has a microstructure of trabeculae?
Lamellar bone
What is a normal albumin count?
48g/L
Where is voluntary control of the body initiated?
Cerebral cortex only
What is instructive induction?
When cells respond differently to different concentrations of a signal
What is mesenchyme?
Embryological soft tissue
What are the 3 types of sutures are what are they like?
Squamous (flat)
Serrated (wavy)
Denticulate (jagged, like teeth)
What is the concentration of intracellular K+?
120 mmol
How do the loose ends of tropocollegan affect what collagen type you have?
If they are trimmed it is collagen type I, if untrimmed it is collagen type IV
What is necessary for collagen cross linking and glycolysation?
Hydroxylysine
What do fibroblasts synthesise?
Extracellular matrix and collagen
What is perichondrium?
A layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding the cartilage of developing bone
What do hemidesosomes do?
Anchor intermediate filaments to basal lamina
What is a symphsis?
A secondary cartilaginous joint
Which law describes flow in tubes?
Poiseullie’s law
Where are oestoclasts derived from?
Haemopoietic stem cells
What is the main organic element of bone?
Type I cartilage
Which corpuscles convey heavy touch and vibrations?
Pacinian corpuscles
What is hair papilla formed of?
Connective tissue cells
Which collagen is non-fibrillar?
Collagen type VI
How much more radiation does a whole body CT have than a single x-ray?
500x
What is the difference between vellus and terminal hairs?
Vellus hairs are fine sparse hairs of body, terminal hairs are thick coarse hairs of the head
What is the total body water volume in humans?
42 L
Where does mature melanin reside?
In keratinocytes
What unites fibrous joints?
Collegan
What teratogen inhibits Sonic Hedgehog?
Cyclopamine
What controls pressure in the cardiovascular system?
The heart
What is the concentration of plasma Ca+?
2 mmol
What do gap junctions allow passage of?
Small ions and molecules
What always equalises osmolarity between body fluid compartments?
Water movement
What are connoxens made of?
Hexamers of connextons
What is the internal surface of bone called?
Endosteum
What is the concentration of plasma Cl-?
110 mmol
What is a tuberosity likely to be?
Where a tendon attaches to bone
What is the intracellular space volume in humans?
28 L
What is a trochlea?
An articular process shaped like a pulley
Name the layers of skin in order from deep to superficial.
1) stratum basale 2) stratum spinosum 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum lucidum 5) stratum corneum
Where do indigenous cells of the ECM arise from?
Messenchymal stem cells
Where are blood vessels present in the layers of the skin?
Superficial fascia and dermis
Where is the amniotic sac?
Next to the epiblast
What is the concentration of plasma albumin?
48g/L
What is the interstitial space volume in humans?
10.5 L
What do desosomes do?
Link intermediate filaments in neighbouring cells
What is the concentration of plasma Na+?
140 mmol
What is the channel diameter of a connoxen channel?
1.5 nm
What is soft connective tissue formed of?
Extracellular matrix and supporting cells
What is fluoroscopy?
Continous x-ray imaging
Which cells of soft connective tissue are indegenous?
Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells
Where does the thoracic duct ultimately drain?
Into the subclavian vein
What do adherens junctions do?
Join actin bundles in neighbouring cells
What is a secondary cartilaginous joint and where are they found?
A symphsis, only partially movable e.g. between manubrium and body, between vertebral discs, pubic symphsis
What is morphogenesis?
Determination of shapes and tissues
How is lysl hydroxide activated?
Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ using vitamin C
Which canals connect Haversian systems?
Volkmann’s channels
Where are oestoprogenitor cells derived from?
Mesenchyme
What are the most important buffers in blood?
Carbonic acid, phosphoric acid and proteins such as haemoglobin
What are the two proteins of tight junctions?
Claudin and occulin
Which proteins link actin between different cells?
Catenins a & b, p120, cadhein dimers
What is the dermis formed of?
Dense irregular connective tissue
What happens in the zone of proliferation?
Chondrocytes form longitudinal columns
Which gland releases secretions by exocytosis?
Merocrine
What controls resistance in the cardiovascular system?
Capillaries
Where are adheren’s junctions found?
At cell-cell junctions
What is the axial skeleton formed of?
Bones derived from the axis of the body e.g. Ribs, skull, spine
What are elastic fibres made of?
Elastin coated in microfibrils including fibrillin
What are the zones of bone deposition? (In order from cartilage to mature bone)
1) Zone of resting cartilage 2) Zone of proliferation 3) Zone of hypertrophy and maturation 4)Zone of calcification 5)Zone of ossification or degeneration
What is the diameter of an arteriole or venule?
20um
What is the blastocyst formed from?
Tropoblast, inner cell mass and blastocystic cavity
What is in the middle of the epiphysis?
Trabecular bone
What is the blood volume in humans?
5.5 L
Where are oestoblasts derived from?
Oestoprogenitor cells
Which cells of soft connective tissue are immigrants?
WBCs
What do a1 collegan chains have thta a2 lack?
Disulphide bridges and glycoproteins
How much does atrial systole contribute to ventricular filling?
25%
Where is reticular soft connective tissue found?
In marrow and lymph nodes
When may a negative feedback system overshoot?
When there is a signal delay
What is a primary cartilaginous joint and where are they found?
Synchondrosis, using hyaline cartilage, between long bones.
What is the left foot in relation to the left knee?
Ipslateral and inferior
What size of molecule can get through a connoxen channel?
1 kD
What is a condyle?
A small rounded articular surface
`What are Merkel cells involved in?
Sense perception
How does ultrasound produce an image?
Reflection across tissues of different densities without using radition
Describe how cartilage becomes bone.
- Perichondrium becomes speriosteum 2. Chondrocytes hypertrophy 3. Calcify matrix 4. Die
What are canals between oestocytes called?
Canaliculi
What is the concentration of plasma HCO3-?
24 mmol
What do Langerhan’s cells do?
Macrophages of immune defence
How long does it take for a cell to get from the basal layer to the skin?
25-30 days
What are the three kinds of fibrous joints?
Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
What is the embryo formed from?
Inner cell mass
What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?
pH= pKa + log( A-/HA)
What is the concentration of plasma K+?
4mmol
Which basic cartilage cells are precursors to bone?
Chondroblasts which once formed remain in situ as chrondocytes
What is the appendicular skelton formed of?
Limbs, pelvis, scapula, clavicle
What controls flow in the cardiovascular system?
Nothing
What are the 5 rings of hair follicles from outside in?
Outer root sheath, inner root sheath, cuticle, cortex, medulla
What gives microvilli shape?
Actin
What happens in the zone of hypertrophy and maturation?
In this zone, the chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy.
What is the extracellular space volume in humans?
14 L
What is average mean blood pressure of pulmonary circulation?
16 mmHg
What is the plasma volume in humans?
3.5 L
