T6 Muscles and Nerves Flashcards

(94 cards)

1
Q

Name a B1 blocker.

A

Metoprolol

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2
Q

What is atropine used for?

A

Prevent sinus bradycardia after MI, anticholinesterase poisioning treatment, prevent bradycardia in surgery

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3
Q

What is a twitch vs a tetanus?

A

A twitch is a brief mechanical response to a single AP, tetanus is sustained mechanical response to a series of APs

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4
Q

Name an B1 selective agonist.

A

Dobutamine

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5
Q

Where are A1 postsynaptic receptors found?

A

Smooth muscle

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6
Q

What does the lateral horn of grey matter contain?

A

Preganglionic autonomic neuron cell bodies

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7
Q

Where are B1 postsynaptic receptors found?

A

Mainly heart

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8
Q

What are M3 antagonists and botox used to treat?

A

Overactive bladder

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9
Q

Name a A blocker.

A

Phenoxybenzamine

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10
Q

Where is acetylcholinesterase located?

A

Post synaptic membrane

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11
Q

How long does suxamethonium last?

A

5m

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12
Q

What surrounds single myofibres?

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

What surrounds a whole muscle?

A

Epimysium

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14
Q

What would be the effect of blocking ganglionic nicotinic receptors at rest?

A

Constapation

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15
Q

What would be the effect of blocking ganglionic muscarinic receptors at rest?

A

Decrease sweating

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16
Q

What is the light part of a striation?

A

The I band

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17
Q

What do denticulate ligaments do?

A

Join spinal chord to lateral vertebral walls

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18
Q

How is Ca2+ released to smooth muscle?

A

From the extracellular space via Ca2+ channels. These are opened by binding of phospholipase 3 to receptors, releasing IP3 which acts on SR which acts on ion channels to cause Ca2+ influx

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19
Q

Which zone only contains myosin?

A

The H zone

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20
Q

How long is a single twitch?

A

100-300 ms

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21
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells linked mechanically and electronically?

A

By desosome and adherens junctions mechanically, by gap junctions electrically (intercalated discs)

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22
Q

Is the vasomotor tone controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

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23
Q

How many motor neurons innervate a motor unit in a whole muscle?

A

One motor unit is innervated by one motor neuron

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24
Q

Where are autonomic cholinergic receptors located?

A

In paravertebral ganglia

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25
What would be the effect of blocking ganglionic adrenergic receptors at rest?
Loss of vasomotor tone
26
What is ipatropium used to treat?
Asthma
27
What is a muscle compartment surrounded by?
Deep fascia
28
Is the heart innervated by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
Both
29
Which zones get shorter on contraction?
H and I zones
30
What connects SM cells?
Membrane dense areas and gap junctions
31
Which system should control HR at rest?
Parasympathetic
32
What does the posterior, or dorsal, horn of grey matter contain?
Cell bodies of sensory neurons
33
What does the ventral or anterior root of a spinal nerve contain?
Motor fibres only
34
What do oligodendrocytes do?
Insulate neurons in CNS
35
What does the anterior, or ventral, horn of grey matter contain?
Motor neurons
36
What is the name of the dural fold between cerebral hemispheres?
Falx cerebri
37
How long is a cardiac fibre?
200um
38
What are microglia?
Macrophages of CNS
39
What does monoamineoxidase inhibitors do?
Treat depression
40
What happens in cross bridge cycling in a single sacromere when Ca2+ is present?
It is asynchronous
41
Is visual accommodation sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
42
What are ependymal cells?
CSF secreting cells
43
What do astrocytes do?
Contribute to blood brain barrier, give strength to CNS
44
What does monoamineoxidase do?
Recycles noradrenaline
45
Where is the ultimate control of the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
46
Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?
In the lateral ventricles and antero-inferior to the cerebellum
47
What is the end plate potential?
Local depolarisation resulting from Na+ influx causing AP to propagate from NMJ to ends of fibre
48
How are smooth muscle cells linked mechanically and electronically?
Mechanically by membrane dense areas, electronically by gap junctions
49
Give an example of an A1 selective blocker.
Prazonin
50
What are transverse tubules?
Invaginations of sacrolemma
51
What are intercalated discs formed of?
An adherens junction and a gap junction
52
What surrounds a muscle fibre?
Endomysium and sacrolemma
53
What is released from sympathetic nerve terminals?
Noradrenaline and ATP and neuropeptide Y
54
Describe the contractile mechanism of smooth muscle?
Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, activating myosin light chain kinase, which adds Pi to the myosin light chain so it will bind actin
55
Name an A2 selective agonist.
Phenylephrine
56
What is concentric contraction?
Force produced and muscles shorten
57
What do A-blockers do?
Lower blood pressure but have many side effects
58
What is hyoscine used to treat?
Motion sickness
59
What is atropine?
A muscarinc antagonist
60
Name the neuroglia.
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells
61
What surrounds a bundle of myofibres?
Perimysium
62
Name an anticholinesterase which lasts minutes.
Edrophonium
63
What do Schwann cells do?
Surround all neurons in PNS
64
What is isometric contraction?
Force produced but no shortening
65
Name a B blocker.
Propanolol
66
Is the detrusor innervated by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
Both
67
Are exocrine glands controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
Parasympathetic
68
What is Ohm's law?
Voltage = current x resistance V=IR
69
What line marks the centre of a centromere?
The M line
70
What connects bundles of actin in SM?
Dystrophin
71
What is pyridostigmine used to treat?
Myasthenia gravis
72
What does botox do?
Inhibits acetylcholine release causing long lasting muscle paralysis
73
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?
In the subarachoid space
74
How long is a twitch in cardiac muscle?
200 ms
75
How do cardiac cells get Ca2+ for contraction?
From the SR and through L-type voltage gated channels via Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release
76
Where are B2 non synaptic receptors found?
Airways, liver, uterus
77
Name two anticholinesterases which lasts hours.
Pyridostigmine, neostigmine
78
What is the length of a sacromere?
From Z disc to Z disc
79
Name an A1 selective agonist.
Cloridine
80
Is the metabolism controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic
81
What is the dark part of a striation?
The A band
82
Where does the impulse travel from the beginning of excitation contraction coupling?
From neuromuscular junction to T tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum
83
What surrounds a muscle fascicle?
Perimysium
84
Which band varies in length with muscle contraction?
The I band
85
What do drugs that block presynaptic A2 receptors do?
Enhance sympathetic neurotransmission as negative feedback receptors here control neurotransmitter release
86
What does suxamethonium do?
It is a nicotinic agonist that causes a depolarisation block as fibre is unable to repolarise.
87
Name a A and B blocker.
Labetalol
88
Name an B2 selective agonist.
Sabutamol
89
Is renin release controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic
90
What is eccentric contraction?
Braking action, muscles stretched by other muscles
91
What does parcuronium do?
Blocks neuromuscular tranmission as it is a nicotinic antagonist
92
Where does arachoid membrane end?
S2
93
What do indirect sympathomimetics do?
Cause NA to be released from storage vesicles
94
What does the dorsal or posterior root of a spinal nerve contain?
Sensory fibres only