T6 Muscles and Nerves

Question 1

Name a B1 blocker.

Answer 1

Metoprolol

Question 2

What is atropine used for?

Answer 2

Prevent sinus bradycardia after MI, anticholinesterase poisioning treatment, prevent bradycardia in surgery

Question 3

What is a twitch vs a tetanus?

Answer 3

A twitch is a brief mechanical response to a single AP, tetanus is sustained mechanical response to a series of APs

Question 4

Name an B1 selective agonist.

Answer 4

Dobutamine

Question 5

Where are A1 postsynaptic receptors found?

Answer 5

Smooth muscle

Question 6

What does the lateral horn of grey matter contain?

Answer 6

Preganglionic autonomic neuron cell bodies

Question 7

Where are B1 postsynaptic receptors found?

Answer 7

Mainly heart

Question 8

What are M3 antagonists and botox used to treat?

Answer 8

Overactive bladder

Question 9

Name a A blocker.

Answer 9

Phenoxybenzamine

Question 10

Where is acetylcholinesterase located?

Answer 10

Post synaptic membrane

Question 11

How long does suxamethonium last?

Answer 11

5m

Question 12

What surrounds single myofibres?

Answer 12

Endomysium

Question 13

What surrounds a whole muscle?

Answer 13

Epimysium

Question 14

What would be the effect of blocking ganglionic nicotinic receptors at rest?

Answer 14

Constapation

Question 15

What would be the effect of blocking ganglionic muscarinic receptors at rest?

Answer 15

Decrease sweating

Question 16

What is the light part of a striation?

Answer 16

The I band

Question 17

What do denticulate ligaments do?

Answer 17

Join spinal chord to lateral vertebral walls

Question 18

How is Ca2+ released to smooth muscle?

Answer 18

From the extracellular space via Ca2+ channels. These are opened by binding of phospholipase 3 to receptors, releasing IP3 which acts on SR which acts on ion channels to cause Ca2+ influx

Question 19

Which zone only contains myosin?

Answer 19

The H zone

Question 20

How long is a single twitch?

Answer 20

100-300 ms

Question 21

How are cardiac muscle cells linked mechanically and electronically?

Answer 21

By desosome and adherens junctions mechanically, by gap junctions electrically (intercalated discs)

Question 22

Is the vasomotor tone controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 22

Sympathetic

Question 23

How many motor neurons innervate a motor unit in a whole muscle?

Answer 23

One motor unit is innervated by one motor neuron

Question 24

Where are autonomic cholinergic receptors located?

Answer 24

In paravertebral ganglia

Question 25

What would be the effect of blocking ganglionic adrenergic receptors at rest?

Answer 25

Loss of vasomotor tone

Question 26

What is ipatropium used to treat?

Answer 26

Asthma

Question 27

What is a muscle compartment surrounded by?

Answer 27

Deep fascia

Question 28

Is the heart innervated by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 28

Both

Question 29

Which zones get shorter on contraction?

Answer 29

H and I zones

Question 30

What connects SM cells?

Answer 30

Membrane dense areas and gap junctions

Question 31

Which system should control HR at rest?

Answer 31

Parasympathetic

Question 32

What does the posterior, or dorsal, horn of grey matter contain?

Answer 32

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 33

What does the ventral or anterior root of a spinal nerve contain?

Answer 33

Motor fibres only

Question 34

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 34

Insulate neurons in CNS

Question 35

What does the anterior, or ventral, horn of grey matter contain?

Answer 35

Motor neurons

Question 36

What is the name of the dural fold between cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 36

Falx cerebri

Question 37

How long is a cardiac fibre?

Answer 37

200um

Question 38

What are microglia?

Answer 38

Macrophages of CNS

Question 39

What does monoamineoxidase inhibitors do?

Answer 39

Treat depression

Question 40

What happens in cross bridge cycling in a single sacromere when Ca2+ is present?

Answer 40

It is asynchronous

Question 41

Is visual accommodation sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 41

Parasympathetic

Question 42

What are ependymal cells?

Answer 42

CSF secreting cells

Question 43

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 43

Contribute to blood brain barrier, give strength to CNS

Question 44

What does monoamineoxidase do?

Answer 44

Recycles noradrenaline

Question 45

Where is the ultimate control of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 45

Hypothalamus

Question 46

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Answer 46

In the lateral ventricles and antero-inferior to the cerebellum

Question 47

What is the end plate potential?

Answer 47

Local depolarisation resulting from Na+ influx causing AP to propagate from NMJ to ends of fibre

Question 48

How are smooth muscle cells linked mechanically and electronically?

Answer 48

Mechanically by membrane dense areas, electronically by gap junctions

Question 49

Give an example of an A1 selective blocker.

Answer 49

Prazonin

Question 50

What are transverse tubules?

Answer 50

Invaginations of sacrolemma

Question 51

What are intercalated discs formed of?

Answer 51

An adherens junction and a gap junction

Question 52

What surrounds a muscle fibre?

Answer 52

Endomysium and sacrolemma

Question 53

What is released from sympathetic nerve terminals?

Answer 53

Noradrenaline and ATP and neuropeptide Y

Question 54

Describe the contractile mechanism of smooth muscle?

Answer 54

Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, activating myosin light chain kinase, which adds Pi to the myosin light chain so it will bind actin

Question 55

Name an A2 selective agonist.

Answer 55

Phenylephrine

Question 56

What is concentric contraction?

Answer 56

Force produced and muscles shorten

Question 57

What do A-blockers do?

Answer 57

Lower blood pressure but have many side effects

Question 58

What is hyoscine used to treat?

Answer 58

Motion sickness

Question 59

What is atropine?

Answer 59

A muscarinc antagonist

Question 60

Name the neuroglia.

Answer 60

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

Question 61

What surrounds a bundle of myofibres?

Answer 61

Perimysium

Question 62

Name an anticholinesterase which lasts minutes.

Answer 62

Edrophonium

Question 63

What do Schwann cells do?

Answer 63

Surround all neurons in PNS

Question 64

What is isometric contraction?

Answer 64

Force produced but no shortening

Question 65

Name a B blocker.

Answer 65

Propanolol

Question 66

Is the detrusor innervated by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 66

Both

Question 67

Are exocrine glands controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 67

Parasympathetic

Question 68

What is Ohm's law?

Answer 68

Voltage = current x resistance V=IR

Question 69

What line marks the centre of a centromere?

Answer 69

The M line

Question 70

What connects bundles of actin in SM?

Answer 70

Dystrophin

Question 71

What is pyridostigmine used to treat?

Answer 71

Myasthenia gravis

Question 72

What does botox do?

Answer 72

Inhibits acetylcholine release causing long lasting muscle paralysis

Question 73

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

Answer 73

In the subarachoid space

Question 74

How long is a twitch in cardiac muscle?

Answer 74

200 ms

Question 75

How do cardiac cells get Ca2+ for contraction?

Answer 75

From the SR and through L-type voltage gated channels via Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release

Question 76

Where are B2 non synaptic receptors found?

Answer 76

Airways, liver, uterus

Question 77

Name two anticholinesterases which lasts hours.

Answer 77

Pyridostigmine, neostigmine

Question 78

What is the length of a sacromere?

Answer 78

From Z disc to Z disc

Question 79

Name an A1 selective agonist.

Answer 79

Cloridine

Question 80

Is the metabolism controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 80

Sympathetic

Question 81

What is the dark part of a striation?

Answer 81

The A band

Question 82

Where does the impulse travel from the beginning of excitation contraction coupling?

Answer 82

From neuromuscular junction to T tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 83

What surrounds a muscle fascicle?

Answer 83

Perimysium

Question 84

Which band varies in length with muscle contraction?

Answer 84

The I band

Question 85

What do drugs that block presynaptic A2 receptors do?

Answer 85

Enhance sympathetic neurotransmission as negative feedback receptors here control neurotransmitter release

Question 86

What does suxamethonium do?

Answer 86

It is a nicotinic agonist that causes a depolarisation block as fibre is unable to repolarise.

Question 87

Name a A and B blocker.

Answer 87

Labetalol

Question 88

Name an B2 selective agonist.

Answer 88

Sabutamol

Question 89

Is renin release controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 89

Sympathetic

Question 90

What is eccentric contraction?

Answer 90

Braking action, muscles stretched by other muscles

Question 91

What does parcuronium do?

Answer 91

Blocks neuromuscular tranmission as it is a nicotinic antagonist

Question 92

Where does arachoid membrane end?

Answer 92

S2

Question 93

What do indirect sympathomimetics do?

Answer 93

Cause NA to be released from storage vesicles

Question 94

What does the dorsal or posterior root of a spinal nerve contain?

Answer 94

Sensory fibres only