T4 Metabolism Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What is a plasma glucose level of 2.5 mM?
A
Life threatening low
2
Q
What do odd chain fatty acids require for oxidation?
A
Vitamin B12
3
Q
Name the enzymes of the irreversible reactions of the TCA cycle.
A
Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, keto-glutarate dehydrogenase
4
Q
Describe stearic acid.
A
Unsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons
5
Q
What % of 16-24 yo drink at least once a week?
A
50%
6
Q
When is glycerol converted to glucose and how?
A
In starvation by gluconegenesis
7
Q
Which hormone inhibits glycolysis and when?
A
Insulin in fed state, or during exercise
8
Q
How have alcohol related admissions changed from 2000-2010?
A
Doubled
9
Q
How soon after lung cancer diagnosis does death occur in half of diagnoses?
A
6 months
10
Q
How many UK adults have alcohol dependance?
A
1.5 million
11
Q
How what will be produced from complete oxidation of a fatty acid of length 16C?
A
8 acetyl CoA, 7NADH, 7FAD
12
Q
What is formed from metabolism of ketogenic amino acids?
A
Acetyl CoA —-> Fat or CO2 and H2O
13
Q
How much glucose in there in the blood usually?
A
10g
14
Q
When is galactose isomerised to glucose?
A
When attached to UDP
15
Q
What is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions?
A
Decarboxylation and entry into TCA cycle
16
Q
What does ATP in reactions?
A
Alters position of equilibrium
17
Q
How much glucose is stored in the body in the fed state, how much of this is in the liver?
A
400g, 100g in the liver
18
Q
What % of premature deaths are due to low fitness?
A
16%
19
Q
How are odd-chain fatty acids broken down?
A
Using acetyl CoA and propionyl CoA
20
Q
What is produced in the link reaction?
A
CO2
21
Q
What is long term quit rate?
A
25%
22
Q
What are coenzymes?
A
Organic groups attached to enzyme that are necessary for its operation
23
Q
Which reaction produces GTP?
A
Succinyl-CoA to succinate
24
Q
What % of LSE groups smoke?
A
65%
25
Which amino acid can have a urea molecule cleaved from it?
Arginine
26
What is main source of glucose in the blood 8 hours after a high carbohydrate meal?
Glycogenolysis
27
Which steps of glycolysis synthesise ATP?
3-biphosphoglycerate --> 3-phosphoglycerate
| phosphenol pyruvate --> pyruvate
28
Which steps of glycolysis use ATP?
Glucose --> glucose-6-phosphate
| Fructose-6-phosphate --> fructose-1,6-biphosphate
29
What are the cofactors of the link reaction?
NAD+, thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, FAD, coenzyme A
30
How much energy is in 1g of fat?
38 kJ (9 cals)
31
What can fitness be defined as?
Endurance, strength, balance, coordination and flexibility
32
How much does passive smoking increase miscarriage risk?
25%
33
What is the daily recommended intake of protein?
50-70g
34
What is formed from splitting fructose-1,6-biphosphate?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
35
What is the average fasting blood glucose?
4.5 mM
36
What is annual cost of alcohol misuse to NHS?
£3 billion
37
What is oxidation in the TCA cycle coupled to?
Reduction of NAD+
38
What happens in stage 4 of B-oxidation?
Removal of 2C using B-ketoacidCoA-thiolase
39
How many ATP are produced per turn of TCA cycle?
10
40
What is the reaction type of enoyl-CoA conversion to 3L hydroxyacyl CoA?
Hydration
41
What % of deaths in people aged 35-70 are caused by tobacco?
30%
42
What controls phosphofructokinase allosterically and inhibit it?
ATP and citrate
43
What kind of glucose must be used in glycolysis?
D-glucose
44
What is the reaction type of fatty acid conversion to enoyl-CoA?
Oxidation
45
What is the first reaction of glycolysis?
Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
46
What is the daily protein turnover?
300-400g per day
47
What kind of enzyme is a lipase?
Hydrolase
48
What increases protein breakdown?
Starvation, cortisol
49
How much does heavy smoking increase the risk of death under 45 due to coronary heart diease?
15 x
50
How much energy is release from conversion of ADP to ATP?
30 kJmol-1
51
What is glucose used for in adipose tissue?
Glycerol production
52
How many glucose residues are there between branching points on glycogen?
10
53
How are fatty acids activated?
By combination with CoA using energy from ATP = AMP + 2Pi
54
What kind of diseases are glycogen storage diseases?
Autosomal recessive
55
What is a plasma glucose level of 6.5 mM?
Normal for fed state
56
What does DNA and RNA breakdown produce?
Uric acid
57
What is the second reaction of glycolysis?
Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
58
What stimulates glucagon release?
Hypoglycaemia, adreniline acting on b2, a1, a2 receptors, acetylcholine, CCK
59
How does the production of lactate allow glycolysis to continue in anaerobic conditions?
NADH is oxidised back to NAD+ in lactate formation
60
How does glycerol travel in the blood?
Freely
61
How can malate be converted to pyruvate?
Via malic enzyme
62
What does transamination of oxaloacetate produce?
Aspartate
63
What is favism disease?
Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
64
Which enzyme incorparates an amino acid into an orthine group in the urea cycle?
Orthinine transcarbamoylase
65
How many NADH are formed from glycolysis of one glucose molecule?
2NADH
66
Why would a reaction in a metabolic pathway be irreversible?
The equilibrium overwhelmingly favours the forward reaction
67
What is glucose made from in gluconegenesis?
Glycerol and some keto acids
68
What breaks old or damaged proteins down?
The ubiquitin system
69
Which enzyme catalyses the second reaction of glycolysis?
Phosphoglucose isomerase
70
What happens in stage 2 of B-oxidation?
Addition of H2O using enoyl-CoA-hydratase
71
How do free fatty acids travel in blood?
Bound to albumin
72
What group smoke most?
Middle aged men
73
What allows amino acids to be converted to one another via transaminiaton?
The presence of pyridoxal phosphate
74
How many ATP are produced per NADH?
2.5
75
What is McArdle's disease?
Myophosphorylase deficiency so cannot break down glycogen into glucose for muscle. Causes exercise intolerance.
76
Which enzyme catalyses the first reaction of glycolysis?
Hexokinase
77
What does aldolase do?
Split fructose-1,6-biphosphate
78
How many NADH and FADH are formed from one round of B-oxidation?
1 of each
79
What is most effective stop smoking plan?
Group therapy and medication
80
What is main source of glucose in the blood 24 hours after a high carbohydrate meal?
Gluconegenesis
81
How are amino acids from degraded muscle protein transported in the blood?
As part of glutamine after combination with glutamate
82
What happens in stage 1 of B-oxidation?
Removal of 2H using acetyl-CoA-dehydrogenase
83
What is the reaction type of conversion of B-ketoacyl CoA to fatty acid acyl CoA and acetyl CoA?
Thiolysis
84
What happens to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis?
It is oxidised and phosphorylated
85
How can oxaloacetate be converted to phosphoenol pyruvate?
Via PEP carboxylase
86
What is pyruvate converted to in the first step of gluconegenesis?
Oxoacetate
87
Which molecules are oxidised in the TCA cycle?
Isocitrate, a-ketoglutarate, succinate, malate
88
Which hormone promotes glycolysis and when?
Glucagon in the fasting state
89
How can fructose enter glycolysis?
By conversion to fructose-1-phosphate by fructokinase
90
What inhibits glucagon release?
Somatostatin, insulin, free fatty acids, ketoacids, urea
91
What activates glycogen phosphorylase?
Phosphorylation
92
What % of coronary heart disease deaths are due to smoking?
20%
93
What usually accepts the amino group in transamination?
2-oxoglutarate
94
Which amino acid can be deaminated to remove an ammonia group?
Glutamate
95
What happens in stage 3 of B-oxidation?
Removal of 2H using 3-hydroxyacylCoA-dehydrogenase
96
What are the enzymes of the irreversible reactions of glycolysis?
Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
97
What is the penultimate reaction of glycolysis and what enzyme is used?
Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate via endolase
98
What oxidises molecules in the TCA cycle?
Dehydrogenases
99
How are amino acids from degraded proteins excreted?
As urea and ammonium ions
100
What is the reaction type of 3L hydroxyacyl CoA conversion to B-ketoacyl CoA?
Oxidation
101
What is formed from metabolism of ketogenic amino acids?
Pyruvate ----> glucose or CO2 and H2O
102
What are the 4 stages of glycolysis?
Activation, splitting of 6C sugar, oxidation, ATP synthesis
103
What cofactor is used in protein synthesis?
GTP
104
What % of adults currently smoke?
20%
105
How much does smoking decrease life expectancy?
10 years
