What is a plasma glucose level of 2.5 mM?
Life threatening low
What do odd chain fatty acids require for oxidation?
Vitamin B12
Name the enzymes of the irreversible reactions of the TCA cycle.
Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, keto-glutarate dehydrogenase
Describe stearic acid.
Unsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons
What % of 16-24 yo drink at least once a week?
50%
When is glycerol converted to glucose and how?
In starvation by gluconegenesis
Which hormone inhibits glycolysis and when?
Insulin in fed state, or during exercise
How have alcohol related admissions changed from 2000-2010?
Doubled
How soon after lung cancer diagnosis does death occur in half of diagnoses?
6 months
How many UK adults have alcohol dependance?
1.5 million
How what will be produced from complete oxidation of a fatty acid of length 16C?
8 acetyl CoA, 7NADH, 7FAD
What is formed from metabolism of ketogenic amino acids?
Acetyl CoA —-> Fat or CO2 and H2O
How much glucose in there in the blood usually?
10g
When is galactose isomerised to glucose?
When attached to UDP
What is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions?
Decarboxylation and entry into TCA cycle
What does ATP in reactions?
Alters position of equilibrium
How much glucose is stored in the body in the fed state, how much of this is in the liver?
400g, 100g in the liver
What % of premature deaths are due to low fitness?
16%
How are odd-chain fatty acids broken down?
Using acetyl CoA and propionyl CoA
What is produced in the link reaction?
CO2
What is long term quit rate?
25%
What are coenzymes?
Organic groups attached to enzyme that are necessary for its operation
Which reaction produces GTP?
Succinyl-CoA to succinate
What % of LSE groups smoke?
65%
Which amino acid can have a urea molecule cleaved from it?
Arginine
What is main source of glucose in the blood 8 hours after a high carbohydrate meal?
Glycogenolysis
Which steps of glycolysis synthesise ATP?
3-biphosphoglycerate –> 3-phosphoglycerate
phosphenol pyruvate –> pyruvate
Which steps of glycolysis use ATP?
Glucose –> glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate –> fructose-1,6-biphosphate
What are the cofactors of the link reaction?
NAD+, thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, FAD, coenzyme A
How much energy is in 1g of fat?
38 kJ (9 cals)
What can fitness be defined as?
Endurance, strength, balance, coordination and flexibility
How much does passive smoking increase miscarriage risk?
25%
What is the daily recommended intake of protein?
50-70g
What is formed from splitting fructose-1,6-biphosphate?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
What is the average fasting blood glucose?
4.5 mM
What is annual cost of alcohol misuse to NHS?
£3 billion
What is oxidation in the TCA cycle coupled to?
Reduction of NAD+
What happens in stage 4 of B-oxidation?
Removal of 2C using B-ketoacidCoA-thiolase
How many ATP are produced per turn of TCA cycle?
10
What is the reaction type of enoyl-CoA conversion to 3L hydroxyacyl CoA?
Hydration
What % of deaths in people aged 35-70 are caused by tobacco?
30%
What controls phosphofructokinase allosterically and inhibit it?
ATP and citrate
What kind of glucose must be used in glycolysis?
D-glucose
What is the reaction type of fatty acid conversion to enoyl-CoA?
Oxidation
What is the first reaction of glycolysis?
Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
What is the daily protein turnover?
300-400g per day
What kind of enzyme is a lipase?
Hydrolase
What increases protein breakdown?
Starvation, cortisol
How much does heavy smoking increase the risk of death under 45 due to coronary heart diease?
15 x
How much energy is release from conversion of ADP to ATP?
30 kJmol-1
What is glucose used for in adipose tissue?
Glycerol production
How many glucose residues are there between branching points on glycogen?
10
How are fatty acids activated?
By combination with CoA using energy from ATP = AMP + 2Pi
What kind of diseases are glycogen storage diseases?
Autosomal recessive
What is a plasma glucose level of 6.5 mM?
Normal for fed state
What does DNA and RNA breakdown produce?
Uric acid
What is the second reaction of glycolysis?
Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
What stimulates glucagon release?
Hypoglycaemia, adreniline acting on b2, a1, a2 receptors, acetylcholine, CCK
How does the production of lactate allow glycolysis to continue in anaerobic conditions?
NADH is oxidised back to NAD+ in lactate formation
How does glycerol travel in the blood?
Freely
How can malate be converted to pyruvate?
Via malic enzyme
What does transamination of oxaloacetate produce?
Aspartate
What is favism disease?
Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
Which enzyme incorparates an amino acid into an orthine group in the urea cycle?
Orthinine transcarbamoylase
How many NADH are formed from glycolysis of one glucose molecule?
2NADH
Why would a reaction in a metabolic pathway be irreversible?
The equilibrium overwhelmingly favours the forward reaction
What is glucose made from in gluconegenesis?
Glycerol and some keto acids
What breaks old or damaged proteins down?
The ubiquitin system
Which enzyme catalyses the second reaction of glycolysis?
Phosphoglucose isomerase
What happens in stage 2 of B-oxidation?
Addition of H2O using enoyl-CoA-hydratase
How do free fatty acids travel in blood?
Bound to albumin
What group smoke most?
Middle aged men
What allows amino acids to be converted to one another via transaminiaton?
The presence of pyridoxal phosphate
How many ATP are produced per NADH?
2.5
What is McArdle’s disease?
Myophosphorylase deficiency so cannot break down glycogen into glucose for muscle. Causes exercise intolerance.
Which enzyme catalyses the first reaction of glycolysis?
Hexokinase
What does aldolase do?
Split fructose-1,6-biphosphate
How many NADH and FADH are formed from one round of B-oxidation?
1 of each
What is most effective stop smoking plan?
Group therapy and medication
What is main source of glucose in the blood 24 hours after a high carbohydrate meal?
Gluconegenesis
How are amino acids from degraded muscle protein transported in the blood?
As part of glutamine after combination with glutamate
What happens in stage 1 of B-oxidation?
Removal of 2H using acetyl-CoA-dehydrogenase
What is the reaction type of conversion of B-ketoacyl CoA to fatty acid acyl CoA and acetyl CoA?
Thiolysis
What happens to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis?
It is oxidised and phosphorylated
How can oxaloacetate be converted to phosphoenol pyruvate?
Via PEP carboxylase
What is pyruvate converted to in the first step of gluconegenesis?
Oxoacetate
Which molecules are oxidised in the TCA cycle?
Isocitrate, a-ketoglutarate, succinate, malate
Which hormone promotes glycolysis and when?
Glucagon in the fasting state
How can fructose enter glycolysis?
By conversion to fructose-1-phosphate by fructokinase
What inhibits glucagon release?
Somatostatin, insulin, free fatty acids, ketoacids, urea
What activates glycogen phosphorylase?
Phosphorylation
What % of coronary heart disease deaths are due to smoking?
20%
What usually accepts the amino group in transamination?
2-oxoglutarate
Which amino acid can be deaminated to remove an ammonia group?
Glutamate
What happens in stage 3 of B-oxidation?
Removal of 2H using 3-hydroxyacylCoA-dehydrogenase
What are the enzymes of the irreversible reactions of glycolysis?
Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
What is the penultimate reaction of glycolysis and what enzyme is used?
Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate via endolase
What oxidises molecules in the TCA cycle?
Dehydrogenases
How are amino acids from degraded proteins excreted?
As urea and ammonium ions
What is the reaction type of 3L hydroxyacyl CoA conversion to B-ketoacyl CoA?
Oxidation
What is formed from metabolism of ketogenic amino acids?
Pyruvate —-> glucose or CO2 and H2O
What are the 4 stages of glycolysis?
Activation, splitting of 6C sugar, oxidation, ATP synthesis
What cofactor is used in protein synthesis?
GTP
What % of adults currently smoke?
20%
How much does smoking decrease life expectancy?
10 years
