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aqa gcse biology free > T5 hormonal coordination in humans > Flashcards

T5 hormonal coordination in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

name of the body’s coordination system which involves hormones

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

what is a hormone

A

chemical messenger secreted by a gland

travels in the blood to a target organ, where it causes a response

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3
Q

which gland controls many other glands in the body

A

pituitary gland

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4
Q

why is the pituitary gland considered a master gland

A

secretes a wide range of hormones, some of which may stimulate other endocrine glands

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5
Q

what is the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system

A

secretes HGH - controls human growth

stimulates the thyroid gland

stimulates ovulation and production of oestrogen in the ovaries

stimulates the production of sperm and testosterone in the testes

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6
Q

what is the role of the thyroid gland in the endocrine system

A

secretes thyroxine - controls metabolism, heart rate and body temperature

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7
Q

what is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system

A

secretes insulin - controls blood glucose levels

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8
Q

what is the role of the adrenal gland in the endocrine system

A

secretes adrenaline - controls the body’s fight or flight response and is secreted during times of stress

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9
Q

role of the ovaries in the endocrine system

A

secretes oestrogen which coordinates the menstrual cycle and the development of female secondary sexual characteristics

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10
Q

role of the testes in the endocrine system

A

secrete testosterone which coordinates the production of sperm and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

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11
Q

how does the pancreas respond when blood glucose levels are too high

A

pancreas secretes insulin

insulin binds to receptors on the liver and muscles, causing excess glucose to be converted into glycogen and stored

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12
Q

how does the pancreas respond when blood glucose levels are too low

A

pancreas secretes glucagon

glucagon binds to liver cells, causing glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood

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13
Q

how is blood glucose concentration controlled using a negative feedback loop

A

when the conc rises or falls below the optimum, a hormone is secreted by the pancreas

action of either hormone helps bring back the conc to the correct level

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14
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune disorder in which the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to control the blood glucose conc

as a result, blood glucose levels are often very high, leading to excessive urination, tiredness and weight loss

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15
Q

how can type 1 diabetes be treated

A

insulin injections before meals - allows glucose to be converted into glycogen

limiting carbohydrate intake

attempts using pancreas and pancreatic cell transplants; investigations into genetic engineering of pancreatic cells

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16
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

disorder in which body’s cells stop responding to insulin, leading to an uncontrolled blood glucose conc

its onset is linked with increasing age and obesity

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17
Q

how can type 2 diabetes be treated

A

following a carefully-controlled diet

doing regular exercise

losing weight

use of drugs which increase insulin production and effectiveness

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18
Q

what is osmosis

A

movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

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19
Q

in what ways is water lost from the body

A

during exhalation via the lungs

sweating

urine (some reabsorbed in the kidney)

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20
Q

in what ways are ions lost from the body

A

sweating

urine

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21
Q

how are excess amino acids excreted from the body

A

excess amino acids are deaminated in the liver to form ammonia

ammonia is toxic, therefore converted into urea

urea is excreted from the body via sweat and urine

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22
Q

how do kidneys maintain the balance of water and other substances in the body

A

filter blood in order to remove waste products

selectively reabsorb useful molecules

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23
Q

full name of ADH hormone

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

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24
Q

where is ADH secreted in the body

Study These Flashcards
A

pituitary gland of the brain

25
how does ADH affect the reabsorption of water in the kidneys
when the blood is too concentrated, the pituitary gland secretes more ADH ADH travels in the bloodstream to the kidney and increases the permeability of kidney tubules to water more water is reabsorbed in the kidneys, resulting in a smaller volume of more concentrated urine
26
why is kidney failure dangerous
when damaged, unable to filter the blood properly a build-up of toxic molecules in the body uncontrolled ion and water balance and cells being damaged as a result of osmosis
27
two main ways of treating kidney failure
dialysis transplant
28
what is kidney dialysis
use of a specialist machine to carry out the same function of kidneys dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of glucose and ions as healthy blood as a result, only excess and waste molecules are lost from the blood, and glucose and ions remain
29
function of reproductive hormones during puberty
M: cause the development of secondary sexual characteristics F: cause the development of secondary sexual characteristics and maturation of eggs
30
main male reproductive hormone
testosterone, which is produced by the testes and controls sperm production
31
main female reproductive hormone
oestrogen, produced by ovaries and is involved in the menstrual cycle
32
what is the menstrual cycle
monthly cycle of physiological changes, involving the shedding of the uterus lining and ovulation
33
describe the events of the menstrual cycle
uterus lining thickens and eggs begin to mature in the ovaries egg is released from one of the ovaries (ovulation) - uterus lining remains thick if fertilised, pregnancy may occur if not, both the egg and uterus lining are shed during menstruation
34
what is ovulation
release of a mature egg from the ovaries, which occurs approximately every 28 days
35
name the 4 main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle
oestrogen progesterone follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinising hormone (LH)
36
role of FSH in the menstrual cycle
secreted by pituitary gland controls the maturation of eggs within the ovaries (inside a follicle) and triggers the production of oestrogen by the ovaries
37
role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle
produced by the ovaries and released due to the action of FSH - it causes the regrowth of the uterus lining triggers the production of LH and restricts the release of more FSH
38
role of LH in the menstrual cycle
produced in the pituitary gland as a result of oestrogen release triggers ovulation
39
role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle
secreted from the follicle of the ovary sustains the uterus lining and inhibits FSH and LH
40
two types of oral contraceptives
combined contraceptive pill (O and P) mini pill (only progesterone)
41
how does the contraceptive pill prevent pregnancy
inhibits FSH - eggs don't mature prevents the development of the uterus lining - eggs can't implant increases the thickness of cervical mucus - immobilises sperm cells
42
what is the contraceptive patch
contains both O and P patch placed on skin for 7 days at a time
43
what is the contraceptive implant
small rod inserted under the skin which releases progesterone - lasts for 3 years
44
what is the contraceptive injection
injection containing progesterone - lasts for 3 months
45
what is the IUS
intrauterine system - small plastic device that is inserted into the uterus releases progesterone which thickens cervical mucus and prevents the build-up of the uterine lining
46
what is the IUD
intrauterine device - small copper-containing device inserted into the uterus which prevents the implantation of embryos
47
what is a spermicide
chemical that kills or immobilises sperm cells however not very effective and work better when combined with barrier methods
48
what is a barrier method of contraception
involves a physical separation between the sperm and egg condoms - thin sheath worn on the penis or inside the vagina - protects against STIs but may tear/break diaphragms - thin cap placed over the cervix, prevents entry of sperm
49
what surgical methods of contraception are available
sterilisation - in males, sperm ducts are tied (vasectomy) and in females, oviducts are tied
50
what is abstinence
practice of not having sex, which avoids pregnancy some people abstain around the time of ovulation (rhythm method) but is quite unreliable
51
how do fertility drugs increase the chance of pregnancy
many contain FSH which stimulates O production and the maturation of eggs in the ovary also contain LH which triggers ovulation
52
what is IVF
mother is given FSH and LH - stimulates maturation of eggs and ovulation eggs are fertilised using sperm in lab - develop into embryos 1 or 2 are inserted into the mother's womb
53
advantages of fertility treatment
allows infertile couples to have children can store a woman's eggs for later
54
disadvantages of fertility treatment
can be very expensive low success rate increases change of multiple pregnancies side effects - mental & physical
55
what is negative feedback
type of control where the body responds to an increase or decrease in a factor by returning it to the optimum level
56
what is thyroxine
hormone released by thyroid gland release is triggered by the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) controls the body's metabolic rate, growth and development
57
how is the release of thyroxine controlled by negative feedback
levels of blood thyroxine falls - detected by receptors in the brain pituitary gland releases more TSH more thyroxine produced and released by the thyroid gland blood thyroxine level returns to normal
58
what are the effects of adrenaline
increase in H&BR - delivers oxygen and glucose to the body stored glycogen converted to glucose dilation of pupils increased mental awareness blood diverted away from digestive system to muscles

aqa gcse biology free (25 decks)

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