Taste Flashcards
(23 cards)
On average, the human tongue has between ____ and ____ taste receptors.
Between 2,000 and 8,000 taste receptors
Taste is the sensation produced when ____ react with the ___ of the ___ ___. Simply put, it is a ___ ____ between ___ and _____.
Taste is the sensation produced when stimuli react with the receptors of the taste buds. Simply put, it is a chemical reaction between stimuli (food) and receptors (taste bud).
The ____ give a velvet touch to the tongue
Papillae
Taste buds are grouped on ____ of various shapes on the ___, ____, ____, and _____.
Taste buds are grouped on papillae of various shapes on the tongue, mouth roof, pharynx and esophagus.
Each taste bud has about ___ receptor cells
50
Receptor cells are ____ with receptor sites for chemicals produced by foods
Neurons
There are five basic kinds of taste receptors: ____, ____, ___, ____, and ____ (____).
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (savoriness).
The _____ ____ cause salivation
taste cells
Taste cells embedded in taste buds produce info about the ___, ____, and hedonic quality of the food
Identity, concentration
What does the Facial Nerve (VII) do?
The Facial Nerve receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and provides information to the salivary glands
What does the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) do?
The glossopharyngeal nerve receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
What does the vagus nerve (X) do?
The vagus nerve controls muscles for voice and the soft palate
What does the trigeminal nerve (V) do?
Signals temperature and texture
What nucleus in the thalamus is associated with taste?
The ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
The ____ ____ ___ is a brain structure responsible for the perception of taste.
Primary gustatory cortex
The primary gustatory cortex consists of two substructures: the ____ ___ and the ___ _____.
(AI/FO): anterior insula and the frontal operculum
By using _____ ___ _____ techniques, scientists have elucidated that neurons in the ___ ___/ ___ __ respond to sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, sourness, and they also code the ______ of the taste stimulus.
By using extracellular unit recording techniques, scientists have elucidated that neurons in the AI/FO respond to sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, sourness and they also code the intensity of the taste stimulus
Gustatory pathway: Taste is first sensed by the _____ or the ____, then the impulse is delivered through the ____ ____ in the _____ ______, then to the ___ ____ ___ of the _____, then to the _____ ____ of the _______ or the ________.
Either the facial nerve or the glossopharyngeal nerve receives the taste, then impulse is delivered through the solitary tract in the medulla oblongata, to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus, then to the gustatory cortex of the insula or the frontal operculum
____ et al gave subjects an unpleasant stimulus (very salty water) and the brain scan showed activation in the ______
O’Doherty gave subjects an unpleasant stimulus (very salt water) and the brain scan showed activation in the insula
When subjects were given chocolate many times, regions involved in reward including the _____ and the midbrain _____ decreased the more chocolate the subject ate. (Small et al)
striatum and VTA
Gustavson studied…
taste aversion to prevent wolves from eating lambs
In Plassman et al (2008), results show that increasing the price of a wine not only increases subjective reports of flavor pleasantness - but also increases activity in the _____ _____ cortex, an area widely thought to encode for experienced pleasantness.
medial orbitofrontal cortex
In Lee et al (2006), patrons of a pub evaluated “MIT” brew, (regular beer plus a few drops of vinegar), and where told before tasting, after tasting but before rating, or not at all.
The Disclosure-before group rated the disclosure-after and blind groups (disclosure after and blind did not differ significantly)
