Taste

Question 0

On average, the human tongue has between ____ and ____ taste receptors.

Answer 0

Between 2,000 and 8,000 taste receptors

Question 1

Taste is the sensation produced when ____ react with the ___ of the ___ ___. Simply put, it is a ___ ____ between ___ and _____.

Answer 1

Taste is the sensation produced when stimuli react with the receptors of the taste buds. Simply put, it is a chemical reaction between stimuli (food) and receptors (taste bud).

Question 2

The ____ give a velvet touch to the tongue

Answer 2

Papillae

Question 3

Taste buds are grouped on ____ of various shapes on the ___, ____, ____, and _____.

Answer 3

Taste buds are grouped on papillae of various shapes on the tongue, mouth roof, pharynx and esophagus.

Question 4

Each taste bud has about ___ receptor cells

Answer 4

50

Question 5

Receptor cells are ____ with receptor sites for chemicals produced by foods

Answer 5

Neurons

Question 6

There are five basic kinds of taste receptors: ____, ____, ___, ____, and ____ (____).

Answer 6

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (savoriness).

Question 7

The _____ ____ cause salivation

Answer 7

taste cells

Question 8

Taste cells embedded in taste buds produce info about the ___, ____, and hedonic quality of the food

Answer 8

Identity, concentration

Question 9

What does the Facial Nerve (VII) do?

Answer 9

The Facial Nerve receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and provides information to the salivary glands

Question 10

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) do?

Answer 10

The glossopharyngeal nerve receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Question 11

What does the vagus nerve (X) do?

Answer 11

The vagus nerve controls muscles for voice and the soft palate

Question 12

What does the trigeminal nerve (V) do?

Answer 12

Signals temperature and texture

Question 13

What nucleus in the thalamus is associated with taste?

Answer 13

The ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus

Question 14

The ____ ____ ___ is a brain structure responsible for the perception of taste.

Answer 14

Primary gustatory cortex

Question 15

The primary gustatory cortex consists of two substructures: the ____ ___ and the ___ _____.

Answer 15

(AI/FO): anterior insula and the frontal operculum

Question 16

By using _____ ___ _____ techniques, scientists have elucidated that neurons in the ___ ___/ ___ __ respond to sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, sourness, and they also code the ______ of the taste stimulus.

Answer 16

By using extracellular unit recording techniques, scientists have elucidated that neurons in the AI/FO respond to sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, sourness and they also code the intensity of the taste stimulus

Question 17

Gustatory pathway: Taste is first sensed by the _____ or the ____, then the impulse is delivered through the ____ ____ in the _____ ______, then to the ___ ____ ___ of the _____, then to the _____ ____ of the _______ or the ________.

Answer 17

Either the facial nerve or the glossopharyngeal nerve receives the taste, then impulse is delivered through the solitary tract in the medulla oblongata, to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus, then to the gustatory cortex of the insula or the frontal operculum

Question 18

____ et al gave subjects an unpleasant stimulus (very salty water) and the brain scan showed activation in the ______

Answer 18

O’Doherty gave subjects an unpleasant stimulus (very salt water) and the brain scan showed activation in the insula

Question 19

When subjects were given chocolate many times, regions involved in reward including the _____ and the midbrain _____ decreased the more chocolate the subject ate. (Small et al)

Answer 19

striatum and VTA

Question 20

Gustavson studied…

Answer 20

taste aversion to prevent wolves from eating lambs

Question 21

In Plassman et al (2008), results show that increasing the price of a wine not only increases subjective reports of flavor pleasantness - but also increases activity in the _____ _____ cortex, an area widely thought to encode for experienced pleasantness.

Answer 21

medial orbitofrontal cortex

Question 22

In Lee et al (2006), patrons of a pub evaluated “MIT” brew, (regular beer plus a few drops of vinegar), and where told before tasting, after tasting but before rating, or not at all.

Answer 22

The Disclosure-before group rated the disclosure-after and blind groups (disclosure after and blind did not differ significantly)