Emotion - Fear

Question 0

Darwin on fear

Answer 0

fear takes the gradation from mere attention to extreme terror

Question 1

Fear

Answer 1

An unpleasant emotion or thought that you have when you are frightened or worried by something dangerous, painful, or bad that is happening or might happen

Question 2

Distinguishing between fear and anxiety

Answer 2

fear is an emotion that results from the mere presence to highly imminent or tangible threat, while anxiety is evoked when an aversive stimulus is abstract or remote in time or space

Question 3

Blanchard and Blanchard suggest that there are three levels of danger:

Answer 3

potential threat, distal threat, proximal threat

Question 4

Survival intelligence

Answer 4

The ability to combat ecological threats, learn and adjust to changing threats in changing environments

Question 5

Intelligent survival behaviors have developed via ____ and _____ between ____ and ______ (Dawkins and Krebs, 1977)

Answer 5

adaptations, counter-adaptations; predator, prey

Question 6

Higher survival intelligence is associated with the ability to evade threat through _____, ______, and _____.

Answer 6

prediction (e.g. simulation), flexible cognitive appraisals, and vicarious learning systems

Question 7

Evolutionary tinkering has formed cognitive and neurobiological _____ in perception, attention, and decision-making to deal with threat or reactions to predators.

Answer 7

short-cuts

Question 8

Why do we feel fear?

Answer 8

Fear is an adaptive mechanism to protect us from threats. Fear mechanisms allows to make fast responses to threat, or sometimes slow and strategic responses to threat.

Question 9

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S, affecting 40 million adults (_____ of the U.S. population), costing the U.S. more than $42 billion a year.

Answer 9

18%

Question 10

Phylogenetically newer components of the human brain attempt to minimize _____

Answer 10

our encounters with predators

Question 11

Humans minimize encounters with predators through ____, _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 11

vicarious learning, mental simulation, risk dilution (living in groups), and niche construction

Question 12

Survival skills may leave us vulnerable to _____

Answer 12

affective disorders such as anxiety

Question 13

Our class top fears:

Answer 13

not good GPA, loved one ill, dying prematurely, dying alone, being lonely, pain, losing friends, failure, having close friend die, romantic rejection

Question 14

Threat imminence Continuum

Answer 14

(1) Preferred activity (at home, nice, safe)
(2) Pre Encounter (potential danger, defensive behavior)
(3) Post Encounter (predator detected, defensive behavior)
(4) Circa Strike (attacker sees you and attacks you)

Question 15

Amygdala

Answer 15

Input/output integration

Question 16

Periaqueductal Gray

Answer 16

Output; fight, flight, and freezing

Question 17

Location of the Subgenual cingulate cortex (sgACC)

Answer 17

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Question 18

The Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 18

Cognitive/input

Question 20

Basolateral Amygdala

Answer 20

Input

Question 21

Central amygdala

Answer 21

Output

Question 25

Deep brain stimulation of this area can relieve symptoms of depression

Answer 25

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (subgenual cingulate cortex)

Question 26

Subgenual cingulate cortex

Answer 26

Should I be scared or not? (Involved in the control of emotion or the value of threat)

Question 27

Location of Amygdala

Answer 27

Temporal Lobe (intersection of two lines coming from eyes and ears- imagine two arrows)

Question 28

{Connections with amygdala}

Answer 28

input- sensory systems, higher order systems like prefrontal cortex, output- emotional reactivity systems

Question 29

Periaqueductal gray

Answer 29

Flight, fight, freezing

Question 30

Mobbs et al 2007 used fMRI to measure brain activity as participants played a video game involving a virtual predator that could chase, capture, and inflict pain. They found that as the virtual predator grew closer, brain activity shifted from the _____ to the ______

Answer 30

ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the periaqueductal gray

Question 31

In Mobbs et al 2007, imminence-driven peraqueductal gray activity correlated with _____ and ____

Answer 31

increased subjective degree of dread and decreased confidence of escape

Question 32

In Mobbs et al, distal =

Answer 32

vmPFC

Question 33

In Mobbs et al, proximal=

Answer 33

PAG

Question 34

Prefrontal Cortex and Lateral Amygdala involved with ____(PC & LA)

Answer 34

anxiety

Question 35

Central amygdala and periaqueductal gray involved with (CA & PAG)

Answer 35

PANIC (CAPAG!)

Question 36

In the context of a predator, the postencounter reflects the ______, whereas the circa-strike is associated with _______.

Answer 36

initial detection of the potential threat; direct predatory attack

Question 37

Mobbs et al 2009 found that postencounter threat elicited activity in _____, including the _____

Answer 37

forebrain areas; sungenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), hippocampus, and amygdala

Question 38

Mobbs et al 2009 found that active avoidance during circa strike threat increased activity in ____ and _____

Answer 38

mid-dorsal ACC (anterior cingulate cortex) and midbrain areas

Question 39

Mobbs et al 2009 observed greater activity in the _______ for high probability compared with low probability of capture during circa-strike threat.

Answer 39

right pregenual ACC

Question 40

Panic Disorder is associated with increased ___ ____ ____ in the midbrain and reduced ______ binding

Answer 40

gray matter density; 5HT1A

Question 41

Mobbs et al 2010 found that when a tarantula was placed closer to a subject’s foot, increased experiences of fear coincided with augmented activity in fear-related networks including the _______, ______, and _____.

Answer 41

periacqueductal gray, amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Question 42

Mobbs et al 2010 found that the ____ was engaged as the tarantual grew more distant, suggesting that this region emits safety signals or expels fear

Answer 42

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 43

Mobbs et al 2010 (tarantula study) found activity in the _____ was also associated with underprediction of the tarantula’s threat value, and in addition to the ______, with monitoring the tarantula’s threat value as indexted by its direction of movement.

Answer 43

amygdala; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Question 44

In Mobbs et al 2010, expectancy errors (the tarantula scared them more than they thought it would) were associated with greater activity in the ______. Intriguingly, greater expectancy errors were also correlated with increased _____

Answer 44

amygdala; misperception of the size of the tarantula

Question 45

Nilli et al 2010 (the snake study) found a positive correlation between courage and activity in the _____

Answer 45

subgenual ACC

Question 46

Selfish Herd Theory

Answer 46

Individuals within a population attempt to reduce their predation risk by putting other conspecifics between themselves and predators (Hamilton)

Question 47

Tedeschi et al found pINS activity during shock, and parametric decrease in pINS activity associated with _______

Answer 47

increased ratings of competence

Question 48

Low intensity of threat corresponds with anxiety and activity in the ______ and _____

Answer 48

sgACC/vmPFC; amygdala

Question 49

High intensities of threat will evoke older structures including the ____

Answer 49

PAG

Question 50

Tracking the threat’s direction evokes activity in the _____, while expectancy errors evoke the the _____

Answer 50

BNST; amygdala

Question 51

Expectancy errors correlated with remembering the Tarantula as being ____

Answer 51

larger

Question 52

Perceptions of other’s competence or ability to protect us reduces our _______

Answer 52

anticipation of harm