Navigating

Question 0

The meadow vole is a ____ animal

Answer 0

polygamous

Question 1

The Evolution of Way Finding

Answer 1

knowing where home is, migration to better climate & food, exploring new areas to avoid depleting local resources

Question 2

Since most mammalian species are _____ and are ______ in their use of space, _____ size should be ____ in most species

Answer 2

polygamous, sexually dimorphic, hippocampal size, dimorphic

Question 3

Meadow voles have sex differences but pine voles do not (in spatial ability and hippocampal size)

Answer 3

-

Question 4

The ____ of homing pigeons is larger than that of non-homing breeds

Answer 4

hippocampus

Question 5

The hippocampus plays an important role in ____ and _____ in birds and mammals

Answer 5

spatial memory and spatial cognition

Question 6

Bilateral hippocampal aspiration has a negative effect on ___ for black-capped chickadees

Answer 6

cache recovery

Question 7

The parahippocampal place area is involved with

Answer 7

encoding new perceptual information about the appearance and layout of scenes

Question 8

VBM found that taxi drivers had higher gray matter density in the ____ but less in the _____. Both correlations increased over time.

Answer 8

posterior hippocampus; anterior

Question 9

The taxi study concluded that the _______ stores a spatial representation of the environment

Answer 9

posterior hippocampus

Question 10

The ability to acquire new visuo-spatial information was ____ in taxi drivers compared to bus drivers

Answer 10

worse

Question 11

Taxi driver’s brain: hippocampus

Answer 11

initial route planning

Question 12

Taxi Driver’s Brain: medial prefrontal cortex

Answer 12

tracking distance to destination

Question 13

Taxi Driver’s Brain: Right lateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 13

seeing unexpected features (e.g. a blocked off road)

Question 14

Taxi Driver’s Brain:

Anterior prefrontal cortex

Answer 14

spontaneous route planning (eg you have to make a detour)

Question 15

Taxi Driver’s Brain: Retroslenial cortex

Answer 15

Seeing expected landmarks, streets and destinations

Question 16

Way finding cells: place cells

Answer 16

LANDMARKS- located in the hippocampus, encode information on location, a specific place cell will fire when we are in a specific familiar location

Question 17

Grid cells

Answer 17

found in the entorhinal cortex (in mice, most likely in humans too), brain’s GPS system

Question 18

Head direction cells

Answer 18

COMPASS - Are only active when the animal’s head points in a specific direction in the environment

Question 19

Properties of hippocampal place cells that imply a role in spatial cognition: highly stable firing fields in constant environment, can be established in total darkness, individual cells can have different place fields in different environments, ensemble of cells encodes map of familiar environment

Answer 19

-

Question 20

Grid cells are located in the ______

Answer 20

entorhinal cortex

Question 21

Grid cells were discovered in 2005 by

Answer 21

the Mosers

Question 22

The arrangement of spatial firing fields all at equal distances from their neighbors led to the hypothesis that these cells encode a _________

Answer 22

cognitive representation of Euclidean space

Question 23

Grid cells appear to encode a type of _______ that is constructed inside the brain and imposed on the environment by the brain with no regard for the _________

Answer 23

abstract spatial structure; sensory features of the environment

Question 24

Where do Grid cells have firing fields?

Answer 24

Dispersed over the entire environment, in contrast to place fields

Question 25

The firing fields of grid cells are organized into a ________

Answer 25

hexagonal lattice

Question 26

The discovery of grid cells may verify Kan’t theory that Euclidean space constitutes a ______, a structure that is not purely logical but is constructed by the mind without requiring much information from the environment

Answer 26

synthetic a priori