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Mind Brain Behavior > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

0
Q

The Entorhinal Cortex

A

Main interface between the hippocampus and the cortex

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1
Q

Location of the hippocampus

A

Medial wall of the temporal lobe in both hemispheres, forms the bottom of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

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2
Q

Role of the EC-hippocampus System

A

autobiographical/declarative/episodic memories, and in particular spatial memories including memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep

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3
Q

Dentate gyrus

A

part of hippocampal system involved with the formation of new memories

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4
Q

Location of Perirhinal cortex (PRC)

A

medial temporal lobe; 35 and 36

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5
Q

Lesions to the Perirhinal cortex (PRC)

A

visual recognition memory (esp. object recognition ability)

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6
Q

Role of posterior cingulate cortex

A

episodic memory retrieval

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7
Q

Retrograde memory loss is often _____ and _____

A

graded (very recent memories are most affected), time-limited

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8
Q

Anterograde amnesia is _____

A

irreversible

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9
Q

The Ribot Gradient

A

time gradient in retrograde amnesia (recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories)

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10
Q

Hippocampal/MTL memories are consolidated into the _____ over time, and become ________

A

neocortex; hippocampal independent

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11
Q

The patient HM had the _____, _____, and ____ surgically removed to cure his epilepsy

A

hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala

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12
Q

Clive Wearing contracted ____, which attacked his ____

A

herpesviral encephalitis, hippocampus

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13
Q

Clive Wearing’s memory lasts between __ and ____ seconds

A

7 and 30

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14
Q

Wearing can still _______ because his _____ was not damaged by the virus

A

play the piano; procedural memory

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15
Q

MRI scans of Alzheimer’s show severe atrophy in all areas except the _____, which has moderate atrophy

A

right perirhinal cortex

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16
Q

Memory loss in Alzheimer’s is characterized by difficulty in remembering _____ and the _________

A

recently learned facts; inability to acquire new information

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17
Q

Other subtle problems symptomatic of the early stages of Alzheimer’s involve _____, ____, and _____

A

executive functions (of attentiveness, planning, flexibility), abstract thinking, impairments in semantic memory

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18
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome is caused by _____, its onset is linked to _____ and/or _____, which is thought to cause damage to the ______ and ____ as well as generalized cerebral atrophy

A

a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain; chronic alcohol abuse/malnutrition; medial thalamus and hypothalamus

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19
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome is characterized by _______, during the later stages there is also _______

A

anterograde amnesia; later– retrograde amnesia

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20
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory for personally experienced events that occurred in a particular place at a specific time

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21
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

critical autobiographical memories about a major event (where were you when you heard about 9/11?)

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22
Q

Damage to ___, ____, and/or ___ leads to anterograde and retrograde amnesia

A

Hippocampi, Amygdala, Rhinal Cortex

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23
Q

Anterograde amnesia - lesions to ____

A

CA1 of the hippocampus

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24
Q

Areas damaged in Korsakoff’s

A

medial thalamus, hypothalamus

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25
Q

What lobe is affected Alzheimer’s first lesions?

A

medial temporal lobe

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26
Q

Patients with frontal damage show ______

A

confabulation

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27
Q

Hemispheric Encoding Retrieval Asymmetry

A

left frontal lobe is involved with encoding; right frontal lobe is involved with retrieval

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28
Q

Episodic memory encoding: _____ dissociation

A

anterior-posterior

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29
Q

The Posterior Cingulate (Precuneus) is involved in _______

A

the successful retrieval of remembered episodes

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30
Q

The Ventral Parietal Cortex (VPC) is involved in ____

A

episodic memory retrieval tasks, such as old/new recognition memory tasks

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31
Q

left lateral inferior parietal cortex plays a role in

A

episodic memory

32
Q

Frontal areas control _______

A

encoding and retrieval of memories and executive functioning

33
Q

What area stores components of memories?

A

posterior association areas

34
Q

What regions temporarily bind different components of memory?

A

Medial temporal regions

35
Q

Damage to the ____ lobe causes modality-specific visual agnosia

A

left temporal

36
Q

Semantic dementia

A

graded deterioration of knowledge that results in the failure to name objects, concepts and people

37
Q

Semantic judgments to words and pictures activates ___, ___, ___-

A

inferior frontal and temporal lobes, and temporal pole

38
Q

The _____ activates to name animals and tools, whereas the _____ activates to name people

A

left inferior temporal lobe; temporal pole

39
Q

Activations can reflect object’s interaction with the world, for example tool naming can activate _____

A

motor regions

40
Q

Working memory is the ability to ____

A

maintain and manipulate information over short periods of time necessary to guide behavior

41
Q

By definition, working memory has two temporal limits, one ________, and the other _____

A

in the recent past (the information to be retained), and the other in the proximate future (the consequent action)

42
Q

Working memory model:: The central executive system acts as a supervisory system that controls the flow of information from and to its slave systems, the ____, _____, and ______ (a recent addition)

A

the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer

43
Q

Auditory-verbal deficits in working memory involve lesions to _____

A

left inferior parietal lobe

44
Q

Visual-spatial deficits in working memory involve lesion to ____

A

right inferior parietal lobe

45
Q

Damages to the ____ lobe and ___ cortex impair working memory

A

inferior parietal lobe; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

46
Q

Damages to frontal areas results in difficulties manipulating information in working memory during tasks such as ____ and ____

A

card-sorting; selection-without-repetition

47
Q

The N-back test is a test of

A

working memory- ability to hold information “online” for the current task

48
Q

Working Memory Network

A

Frontal parietal Network

49
Q

The right parietal, inferior frontal, and premotor cortex are activated during ______

A

spatial maintenance for working memory

50
Q

The _______ is activated during the N-back task (when manipulation is required), for both verbal and spatial material

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

51
Q

The ventrolateral frontal cortex is involved in _________ information online

A

maintaining

52
Q

This ____ cortex is involved with maintaining information on-line in working memory

A

Ventrolateral frontal cortex

53
Q

The dorsolateral frontal cortex is involved in ________ information on-line for working memory

A

manipulating

54
Q

This ____ cortex is involved in manipulating information on-line for working memory

A

dorsolateral frontal cortex

55
Q

Modality specific, passive stores are in the ________

A

posterior parietal/temporal cortex

56
Q

Common executive processes occur in the ____

A

frontal cortex

57
Q

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is especially important in working memory, but also to ____

A

correcting performance

58
Q

The posterior parietal/temporal cortex is involved with ____

A

modality-specific and passive stores

59
Q

The hippocampus and amygdala are independent memory systems, but they act in concert when _____

A

emotion meets memory

60
Q

The striatum is involved with _____

A

procedural learning and reward learning

61
Q

The dorsal prefrontal cortex is involved with

A

WMMP- working memory, meta-memory, memory strategies, prospective memory

62
Q

The ventral prefrontal cortex is involved with ____

A

SEA-C (semantic memory, extinction learning, autobiographical retrieval, conceptual priming)

63
Q

Working memory, meta-memory, memory strategies and prospective memory—area

A

dorsal prefrontal cortex

64
Q

Semantic memory, extinction learning, conceptual priming, autobiographical retrieval — area

A

Ventral prefrontal cortex

65
Q

The MTL memory system is involved with ____

A

DMCC - Declarative memory, memory consolidation, contextual fear memory, complex conditioning

66
Q

The MTL memory system is made up of

A

the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex

67
Q

The HPA axis is involved with ___

A

neurohormonal memory modulation

68
Q

The Cerebellum is involved with _____

A

Reflexive conditioning and motor learning

69
Q

The sensory neocortex is involved with

A

MCP- memory storage, conceptual priming, perceptual priming

70
Q

Emotion tends to ____ memory

A

enhance

71
Q

Successful retrieval of emotional pictures elicits greater activity than neutral pictures in the ____, _____, and the _____

A

amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus

72
Q

In the study of flashbulb memory, the Downtown group remembered their 9/11 experiences more ____ and ______ and gave _____ and ____ descriptions as compared to the Midtown group. The Downtown also showed much greater activity in the ______, but decreased activity in the _______.

A

vividly, confidently; longer, more detailed; left amygdala, parahippocampal cortex

73
Q

Patients with _____ lesions sometimes cannot remember new events

A

hippocampal

74
Q

Episodic memory involves the

A

medial temporal & frontal lobes

75
Q

Semantic memory involves

A

lateral temporal frontal lobes

76
Q

working memory involves the

A

frontal-parietal network

77
Q

procedural memory is associated with the

A

basal ganglia, cerebellum, and the motor cortex

78
Q

conditioning is associated with

A

cerebellum, amygdala, and the MTL (?)

Mind Brain Behavior (18 decks)

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