Taxonomy

Question 1

All organism are assigned a binomial name consisting of the

Answer 1

genus and the species name of that organism.

Question 2

The 3 domains are

Answer 2

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukarya

Question 3

The 6 Kingdoms

Answer 3

1. Archaea
2. Eubacteria
3. Prostista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

Viruses fall somewhere outside of this system

Question 4

Monerans

Answer 4

Monerans are prokaryotes(bacteria).

They lack a nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles

They are singled-celled organisms that reproduce asexually.

Found in the kingdoms eubacteria and the archaea

Question 5

Eubacteria

Answer 5

Bacteria are generally single-celled prokaryotes with a single double- stranded circular loop of DNA that is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane.

Have cell walls

Bacteria are ubiquitous

Their morphological appearance:

• Cocci: round
• bacilli:rods
• spirilla: spirals
• duplexes: diplo
• clusters: staph
• chains: strepto

Question 6

Cyanobacteria

Answer 6

are types of bacteria that live primarily in fresh water but also exist in marine environments.

They possess a cell wall and photosynthetic pigments but have no flagella, true nuclei, chloroplasts or mitochondria.

They can withstand extreme temperatures and are believed to be the first photosynthetic capabilities.

They are also called blue-green algae.

Question 7

Archaea

Answer 7

Prokaryotes,(like bacteria and often have cell walls and flagella).

cell membrane composed of glycerol-ether lipids, which is different from both bacteria and eukarya since they use glycerol-ester lipid instead.

extremophiles and some are eukarya

Question 8

Protista

Answer 8

• Primitive eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.
• They are single cells or coloniesof similar cells with no differentiation of specialized tissues.
• Contain all simple eukaryotes
• The kingdom is divided into many phylawhich fall primarily into the categories of protozoa and algae.

Question 9

Protozoa

Answer 9

are single-celled organism that are heterotrophic and in some ways are similar to little animals.

Eukaryotic and kingdom Protista

This category of protists includes

The rhizopods, including amoebas, move with cellular extensions called pseudopods.

The ciliophors have cilia that are used for feeding and locomotion.

Question 10

Algae

Answer 10

they are primarily photosynthetic.

Blue, green,red and brown algae all fit in this categories.

Eukaryotic and kingdom Protista

Question 11

Slime Molds

Answer 11

They are kingdom prostist.

They are arranged in a coenocytic(many nuclei) mass of protoplasm.

The slime mold undergoes a unique life cycle containing animal-like and plant-like stages.

These stages include fruiting bodies and unicellular flagellated spores.

Slime molds reproduce asexually by sporulation.

Question 12

Fungi

Answer 12

• Eukaryotes, multicellular, differentiated, nonmotile.
• All fungi are heterotrophs. This differentiate them from the plant kingdom.
• Saprophytic( decomposing dead organic material)
• parasitic.
• Fungi absorb food from their environment.
• Fungi reproduce by asexual sporulation or by sexual processes.
• ex. mushroom (macroscopic fungi) , yeast(unicellular fungi),lichens(fungi in symbiotic relationships with other , photosynthetic organisms).

Question 13

Plantae

Answer 13

Photosynthetic

autotrophs

alternation of generation.

Question 14

Bryophytes

Answer 14

lack xylem. so it lives in moist places

Undergo alternation of generations. The gametophytes is the dominant generation. It is the main plant .

The sporophytes is smaller and short- lived, growing off the gametophytes from the archegonium. (Heterotrophic) It obtains its organic and inorganic materials from the autotrophic gametophytes.

ex. Mosses, liverworth

Question 15

Tracheophytes

Answer 15

vascular plants with a great deal of cell differentiation

contain xylem( water-conducting) and phloem( food- conducting)

radial symmetryand anchored deep by their roots

cellular water storage causes turgid cells.

In vascular plants the sporophytes generation is dominant.

the gametophytes is short lived

Question 16

Non-seed bearing vascular plants

Answer 16

There are two types of non-seed bearing vascular plants.

1. Pteriodphyta
2. Lycophyta

Lycophyta are in the subdivision as lycopodiophyta. They have roots, are non woody and contain microphyII leaves.

ex. club mosses

Question 17

Pterophytes

Answer 17

ex. fern.

They grow from an underground stem called the rhizome and contain large leaves(megaphyIIs) that possess many vascular bundles.

Ferns grow lengthwise, not in diameter and contain xylem with tracheid cells that transport water and salts.

They do not produce seeds, and their short-lived gametophytes generation .

The ferns leaves are part of the sporophytes.

sporangium on produce monoploid spores, which germinate to form gametophytes.

Question 18

Dicotyledons(dicots)

Answer 18

Are angiosperms with net- veined leaves and vascular bundles around a ring within the central cylinder.

Dicotyledons contain two cotyledon( seed leaves) within the seed.

Have cambium and can be woody.

The flowers part is in multiple of four or five.

Question 19

Monocotyledons(monocots)

Answer 19

are angiosperm that contain leaves with parallel veins, scattered bundles.

sinfle cotyledons.

do not posses cambium and are nonwoody(herbaceous)

Question 20

Gymnosperm

Answer 20

are naked-seeded plants. The gametophyte stage of gymnosperms is short-lived and microscopic.

Question 21

Animalia

Answer 21

• Multicellular
• genrally motile, heterotropic organisms that have differentiated tissues
• echinoderms and cnidarians have radial symmetry.

Question 22

Porifera

Answer 22

contains sea sponges, which have two layers of cells, pores, and a low degree of cellular specialization.

sponges are usually sessile, meaning they cannot move on their own during most of their life.

Question 23

Cnidaria

Answer 23

is a phylum with species that contain a digestive sac that is sealed at one end.

They have an ectoderm and endoderm.

ex. hydra, jellyfish,corals,sea anemones

Question 24

The Platyhelminthes

Answer 24

is a flatworm.

bilaterally symmetrical which has three layers of cell(mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm).

they do not have a circulatory system

Question 25

The nematoda

Answer 25

Roundworms that posses long digestive tubes and anuses. A mesoderm is present. lack a circulatory systems ex. hookworms, trichina

Question 26

Annelida

Answer 26

segmented worms that possess a coelom(true body cavity) in the mesoderm. have a well defined sytem including nervous, circulatory and excretory systems. ex. earthworms and leeches.

Question 27

Mollusca

Answer 27

are soft-bodied and posses mantels that often secrete calcareous exoskeletons. they breathe by gills and contain chambered hearts, blood sinuses, pair of ventral nerve cords. ex. clams, snails and squid.

Question 28

Arthropoda

Answer 28

jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeletons, and circulatory systems. insects, arachnids and crustaceans. **Arachnids** have 4 pairs of legs and book lungs. ex. spiders and scorpions.

Question 29

Crustaceans

Answer 29

Crustaceans have segmented bodies with a variable number of appendages and also possess gills ex. lobsters, crayfish and shrimps.

Question 30

Insects

Answer 30

Insects possess spiracles and tracheal tube designed for breathing outside of an aquatic environment. They also have 3 pairs of legs.

Question 31

Echinodermata

Answer 31

Spiny, radially symmetrical, contain a water- vascular system, and possess the capacity for regeneration of parts. There is evolutionary evidence suggesting a link between echinoderms and chordates. ex. strafish and sea urchin.

Question 32

Chordata

Answer 32

Stiff dorsal rod, called a notochord. gills and tails ex. lancelets and tunictes. they are not vertebrates. They have a notochord but no back bones.

Question 33

Vertebrae

Answer 33

is a subphylum of chordata ex. amphibians,reptiles,birds, fish and mammals. Bony vertebrae replace the notochord of the embryo and protect the nerve cord

Question 34

Agnatha

Answer 34

jawless fish retain the notochord throughout life. lamprey and hagfish.

Question 35

Chondrichthyes

Answer 35

cartilaginous fish possess jaws and teeth. reduced notochords. sharks

Question 36

Osteichthyes

Answer 36

* Bony fish are most prevalent type of fish. * have scales, lack a notochord * ex. sturgeon, trout and tuna.

Question 37

Amphibia

Answer 37

Have a larva stage found in water and an adult stage on land. external fertilization. ex. frog, salamander,toad

Question 38

Reptilia

Answer 38

terrestrial animals. they breathe air, lungs, lay eggs and internal fertilization. cold blooded ( poikilothermic) ex. snakes, lizard, crocodile.

Question 39

Aves

Answer 39

warm-blooded (homoeothermic) and their eggs are srrounded by shells. birds, hen, eagle.

Question 40

Mammalia

Answer 40

include warm-blooded and feed their offspring with milk. monotremata: lay leathery eggs, have horny bills, produce milk but no nipples. ex. platypus and echidna

Question 41

Marsupials

Answer 41

Marsupials make up an infraclass of pouched mammals known as Marsupials . The embryo begins development in the uterus and completes developments while attached to nipples in the abdominal pouch. ex. Kangaroo and opossum.

Question 42

Placentalia

Answer 42

have embryos that develop fully in the uterus. ex. bat, whale, mouse human

Question 43

Viruses

Answer 43

**They are non living.** Viruses have lytic and lysogenic life cycle. contain DNA or RNA . **viruses** that infect bacteria are called **bacteriophages**