taylorella, brucella, and coxiella- highly regulated bacteria; abortions

Question 1

what are reportable diseases

Answer 1

great public/ animal health importance, and have to reported to gov as soon as detected

Question 2

what happens after reporting a disease

Answer 2

allow for collection of statistics to show the occurrence of a disease

Question 3

how is reporting a disease helpful/useful

Answer 3

helps identify disease trends and track disease outbreaks and controls future outbreaks

Question 4

why is safe handling of reportable pathogens important?

Answer 4

b/c of select agents- possible bioweapon

Question 5

where was the first case of contagious equine metritis found?

Answer 5

first described in the UK in 1977

Question 6

what is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis

Answer 6

taylorella equingenitalis

Question 7

morphology of taylorella equigenitalis

Answer 7

gram - rods
no growth on McConkey bc is fastidious (even though gram -)

Question 8

what is the pathogenesis of contagious equine metritis

Answer 8

semen and pre-ejaculatory fluids contaminat with T. equigenitalis -> after intro in uterus -> induce acute endometritis -> mononuclear cells, plasma cells, and neutrophils migrate to uterine lumen

Question 9

what are the clinical findings of contagious equine metritis

Answer 9

-copious mucopurulent vaginal discharge
-temporary infertility
- vertical transmission
-stallions usually display no symptoms

Question 10

how is contagious equine metritis transmitted?

Answer 10

venereal transmission
infected semen
contaminated instruments
-persists for months or years
-long-term asymptomatic carriers

Question 11

how do you diagnose contagious equine metritis for mares

Answer 11

swabs
-vaginal discharge
-clitoral fossa, sinuses, cervix

Question 12

how do you diagnose stallions with contagious equine metritis?

Answer 12

swabs
-urethral fossa and sinus, distal urthrea
-external surface proteins of penis
-prepuce
-pre-ejaculatory fluid

Question 13

what should a sample of suspected contagious equine metritis be transported in?

Answer 13

amines medium
-sample must be packaged and sent out rapidly

Question 14

before a sample is taken for a suspected contagious equine metritis, what can not be done before hand?

Answer 14

no systemic antibiotics for 7 days before
no topical antibiotics for 21 days before

Question 15

on what agars do you culture taylorella equingenitialis (contagious equine metritis)?

Answer 15

chocolate agar
timoney’s medium

Question 16

what is the treatment for contagious equine metritis?

Answer 16

-wash with 2% chlorhexidine
-antimicrobial treatments; nitrofurazone and silver sulfadiazine
*steps above must be repeated for 5 consecutive days

Question 17

how do you prevent contagious equine metritis

Answer 17

strict import/ export testing
no vax available

Question 18

what area is brucellosis found and in what species

Answer 18

-yellowstone N.P.
-found in wild bison and elk

Question 19

who is brucellosis transmissible to?

Answer 19

cattle and humans

Question 20

what is the causative agent of brucellosis

Answer 20

all brucella spp

Question 21

describe the characteristics of brucella spp

Answer 21

gram negative
-outer cell membrane pathogenic strains has LPS
-they survive long periods of time

Question 22

how does brucellosis test for in
catalase
oxidase
urease

Answer 22

all positive

Question 23

what is reservoirs for brucellosis

Answer 23

various wild, feral and some domestic animals

Question 24

who are the groups at high risk for brucellosis

Answer 24

-people who consume unpasteurized milk products
-people in direct contact with infected animals
-lab techs and researchers

Question 25

what type of control is best for the human population against brucellosis

Answer 25

protecting human populations by vaccinating

Question 26

how are animals infected with brucellosis

Answer 26

ingestion of contaminated fetal tissues and fluids

Question 27

what part of the pathogenesis of brucellosis makes it so unique

Answer 27

-bacteria can survive inside phagocytic cells because they can survive inside of macrophages -they multiply mainly in monocyte-macrophage cells -spread systemically to various target organs esp in repro organs

Question 28

what are the clinical findings of brucellosis

Answer 28

abortion/infertility -abortion storms reduce milk yield

Question 29

clinical findings of brucella canis

Answer 29

low virulence abortions very rarely zoonotic

Question 30

clinical findings in brucella suis

Answer 30

abortion/infertility

Question 31

clinical findings in brucella melitensis

Answer 31

-most dangerous zoonosis -abortion, orchitis and arthritis

Question 32

how do you diagnose brucellosis

Answer 32

-Columbia agar supplemental with 5% serum -brucella milk ring test

Question 33

what is the causative agent for coxiellosis/Q fever

Answer 33

coxiella burnetii -resistant to environmental stress -zoonotic pathogen

Question 34

what are the two distinct cells types of coxiellosis

Answer 34

-small cell variant -large cell variant

Question 35

what makes coxiellosis so scary to people

Answer 35

highly infectious occupational hazard select agent

Question 36

what species does coxiellosis have a strong association with

Answer 36

domestic ruminants

Question 37

where does coxiella proliferate and what does that result in?

Answer 37

proliferates in uterus and mammary glands and results in late term abortion

Question 38

how is coxiellosis transmitted?

Answer 38

inhalation -parturient sheep, goats, cattle and rarely from parturient cats/dogs

Question 39

what is the pathogenesis of coxiellosis

Answer 39

multiplies acidified phagolysosomes and then localizes in the genital tract and mammary glands of animals

Question 40

clinical findings of coxiellosis in goats and ruminants

Answer 40

goats: abortions and infertility ruminants: infertility

Question 41

diagnosis of coxiellosis

Answer 41

PCR is most sensitive and fast

Question 42

what is the treatment for coxiellosis

Answer 42

tetracycline

Question 43

prevention for coxiellosis

Answer 43

-good husbandry -proper disposal of birth products