Teaching Flashcards
(293 cards)
1
Q
lung nodules <5mm have risk of cancer same as
A
ano other lobe without a nodule
2
Q
M1a vs b vs c for lung tumours
A
met to effusion or other lung
extrathoracic site
???
3
Q
poditive nodes for classyfying in lung CT
A
> 10mm in short axis
4
Q
differetial for spiculated mass
A
tuberculoma
5
Q
Brock uni score
A
likelihood of cancer in lesion on CT - proven to be cancer in the next 2-4 years.
6
Q
chest radiograph - dene ribs
A
consider haemotologialdiseases - mylefibrosis
7
Q
ILD - IPODS
A
irradiation
pets
occuption
drus
smoking
8
Q
IPODS is useful mnemonic for reporting what
A
HRCT
9
Q
important history for ILD
A
HIV
medication s
VTE
autoimmune conditions
10
Q
DCC for reporting pattern
A
Describe - which zone is it in, greater in some areas compared to others
Chronology
context
11
Q
ILD types - smoking related
A
RBILD DP
12
Q
ILD types chronic fibrosing
A
NSIP UIP
13
Q
ILD types subacute
A
COP
14
Q
ILD types rare
A
PPFE and lymphoid interstial pneumonia
15
Q
ILD - fibrosing conditions need to be seperated from what?
A
hypersensitivity
16
Q
Hypersensitivity reaction respond well to what common drug
A
steroid
17
Q
ILD - cyst findings think -
A
Langerhand cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis
18
Q
ILD - perilymphatic nodules think
A
sarcoid, chronic berylliosis, lymphangitic carcinomatosis, lymphoma
19
Q
ILD - centrilobular nodules think
A
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
20
Q
ILD - tree in bu
A
infection , aspiration, bronchiolitis
21
Q
cystic vs reticular in ILD
A
cysts - lymphangiomyomatosi
???
22
Q
Hypersnesitivity things to look for
A
Central and peripheral
air trapping
spare angles - at the bottom it is clear
23
Q
Hypersnsitivity lungs can be classified into two what are they
A
fibrotic
non fibrotic
24
Q
NSIP
interstitial pneumonitits - what to look for
A
Peripheral
lines and Ground Glass
Basal
25
UIP
- what factors to look for
Honeycombing
peripheral and basal
26
Rheumatoid - what drug can cause pneumonitits?
Methotrexate
27
scleroderma features
bronchial dilatation
28
consoidation moving from place to place
cryptogenic organising pneumonia
ATOL sign
29
thymus is split is a sign of
angels wings
paediatric films
pneumomediastinum
30
thymus should be what
bilobed
homogenous
in the right location
31
which is better cholecystostomy vs hot cholecystectomy
recent CHOCOLATE trial - compared.
Hot lap chole did better
32
Osteochondromas is what
bone dysplasia
main feature is bone remodelling and exoptosis
33
fibrous corticol defect can also be called
non ossified fibromas
34
Osler webber randu
Automsommal dominant create fistulas
35
why do mets enhance?
break the blood brain barrier
36
N O D
Neoplasm
Opportunistic infeciton
Drugs
37
Multiple leukoencehpalitis is caused by
JC virus
38
Thyroid nodules are graded how?
1 - 5 TYRADS score from US
39
Do you biospy thyroid nodules?
Some - avoided due to vascular supply - better to do FNA
40
If find nodule is hot on FDG or PET CT recommend
US FNA
41
FDG avid percentage chance of being malignant?
Can be up to 40%
42
Why do NM thyroid examintions?
Hyperthyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
43
Iodine 131 used for
treatment
44
Iodine 123
diagnostics
45
Technetium half life
6hrs
46
photons from technetium
140keV
47
Iodine 123 kV
190keV
48
Iodine 131 half life
8 days
49
Iodine 131 energy
high energy and beta decay (few mm)r
50
pertechnetate - is treated like what ion in the body
Chloride ions
51
What is the key difference between iodine and pertechnetate in the thyroid
Thyroid will incorporate the radioiodine into the hormone and so hangs around longer
52
Normal thyroid on NM scans is symmetrical or asymmetrical?
asymmetrical is normal
53
Patient asked to swallow during image taken on NM - why?
saliva contains the radioracer
54
What other tissue will take up the tracer aside from salivary glands for pertecnotate (clrodieions0
Gastric mucosa
some soft tissue
lactating breasts
55
what drugs contain idoine?
Amioderone
some cough medicine
contrast
56
Marker on thyroid uptake scans
ankle of louis for retrosternal growth
57
how to review the intensity of thyroid uptake?
compare to adjacent structures - salivary glands
58
when reviewing the thyroid scans what do you look for
intensity
whether it is homogenous it
59
Pyramidal lobe is visible on thyroid uptake scans
pathopnemonic for Graves disease
60
how do you block thyroid in Graves?
Carbimazole
61
Does carbimaozole affect the scan?
thyroid scanning
Doesn't affect if using it pertecnotate
Iodine 123 - it would as the carbimazole will reduce the uptake of iodine into the thyroid
62
if hyperthyroid with reduced thyroid uptake - what is group of thyroid conditions
Thyroiditis like de Quervains
63
strumae ovari can produce what type of tissue rarely
thyroid tissue
64
de quervains is often how long after a viral infection
a few weeks
65
Causes of plexopathy after surgery?
can be due to extension of the nerves
66
OPLL happens where
Th cervical spine
calcifiaction adjacent to the spinal cord
67
condyle vs coronoid
condyle is bigger
68
Lamina dura is what
the line outside healthy teeth
69
Periodontal ligament
adjacent to the tooh
70
what can happen to the lamina dura in a fracture?
it can also fracture
71
how to tell a tooth abscess?
look for disappearance of the lamina dura
72
commonest mandibular cyst
dentigurous cyst - noramally around a non erupted tooth. Can have a bubbly appearance.
Can be an ameloblastoma
73
hyperexpansion of the mandible?
can be fibrous dysplasia
74
Eagles syndrome?
ossification of the stylohyoid muscle
75
what is radio osteo necrosis
can get pathological fractures from this .
76
CT sinsues - agressive pathology
infection
tumour
77
non aggressive CT sinsues pathology
plasmacytoma / myeloma
78
CT sinsues - most pathology is.....
benign
79
Which plane best for the sinuses?
coronals
80
Osteomeatal complexes - why is this key in CT sinsues
?????
81
why are ct sinuses pixelly on imaging?
low dose only required given the excellent contrast between structures.
different to high penetration needed for inner ear due to petrous bone
82
Halleras air cell?
air cell under the orbit
can cause orbital dihiscence during surgery
83
uncinate process on the inferior border of osteomeatal complex - what does operating on this do?
widens the exit from the sinus
84
LMG is now called
variant of Wegeners
85
expanded sinus with a polyp occuyping the nasal cavity and posterior space - called?
anterocoranal polyp
86
cinsu poylyp in young men - cherry red on endoscope. ENT are advised not to biospy due to being vascular?
juvenile angiofibroma
87
juvenile angiofibroma will appear as what on MRI
salt and pepper appearance
88
what is an cholesteatoma ?
in inner ear - cholestrol cells deposits that invades the ear and surrounding bone.
lots of moving nearby structures, more erosions.
hard to discern from inner infection.
89
concha bullosa
normal variant
airated middle turbinate
90
lamina propurechea - what to look for?
erosions.
can be from a frontal muccele
91
tetth best looked in what plane?
saggital
92
20% of sinuses disease may be related to what?
Teeth
93
bronchiectasis - features on radiographs
kind of thickened bronchus, nearly tram lines levels.
cysts
94
air trapping shows as what on CT
areas without blood vessels, oligaemic
95
Kartageneres - get what in the sinuses?
thickened mucus / walls
96
ring sign - considered with what condition of bronchiectasis
cystic fibrosis
97
massive bullous emphysema caused by
ALpha anti trypsin disease
cannabis smoking (allergic reaction)
98
cause of bronchiectasis with difficulty swallowing?
aspiration
99
Traditional types of bronchiectasis
cystic
varicose
cylindrical
old version
100
practical way of classifying bronchiectasis
primary - idiopathic, primary bronchial disease like ciliary dysmotiity
secondary - aspirations,
or both like TB
101
worse type of bronchiectasis to get
cystic and varicose
102
Traction bronchiectasis is seen in....
NSIP
UIP
but not a primary bronchiecctic disease as the interstiital disease is what pulls open the bronchi
103
Definie bronchiectasis
Artery to bronchus ratio on CXR. 0.9 to 1 in UZ. 1.1 to LZ. But
on CT
more precise
normal range of different in ratio of us to 1.3.
signet ring sign
fishermans ring
104
fishermans ring is named aftre whome?
Pope.
105
Tramline sign -
seen on CXR/ thickened and dilated bronchi.
106
Finger in glove sign
thickened bronchi with ffluid in it
107
signet ring sign -
the bronchi are much bigger than associated artery. Looks like a flashy diamond ring.
108
bronchiectasis can arise in immunocompromised patients. Form
asperigillomas
- growth into a cavity that preo-exists
109
bronchiectasis can arise in immunocompromised patients. Form
asperigillomas
- growth into a cavity that preo-exist
110
signs of gout
soft tissue swelling
tophi in soft tissue
deformity
does not affect bone density
111
rib notching caused by
coartation blood diverison through intercostals
112
radiographs - fallen fragments are what?
bone falls within cysts - diagnosis of humeral cysts
113
SUV stand for?
standard uptake value in Nuclear medicine
114
SUV of mediastinum
2.3
115
SUV of lung
0.9
116
how can axillary lymph nodes be avid with nuclear uptake but not related to underlying disease?
vaccinations
117
Nuclear medicine normal variant - supraclavicaular fossa
brown fossa
118
radiograph - onion skin reaction sign?
bone tumour likely
it is formed by bone growing in layers as the less aggressive tumours grow more slowly
119
high density lesion within the sinuses causing dehiscences
asperigullus / chronic fungal infection
120
silvian fissure best seen in what age group?
old
121
obtuneded, had a fit - what subtle signs can you look for?
Encephalitis affects temporal region
supperior saggital sinus thrombosis
121
obtuneded, had a fit - what subtle signs can you look for?
Encephalitis affects temporal region
supperior saggital sinus thrombosis
parafalxine lucency sign - from subdural empyema
122
why is periosteal reaction limited in the digits?
tightly adhering periosteum
123
raindrop lesions in bones is classic for what?
myeloma
124
does osteosarcoma make or erode bone ?
both
mets have bonew in them
lesions will allso be errosive
125
terminal tuft resorption
speckles of calcification
acro-osteolysis
scleroderma
126
scleroderma get what interstital lung fibrosis
NSIP
127
commonest type of hyip dysplasia
achrondoplasia
128
why is mycoplasma considered atypical?
it has no cell wall so won't grow on agar plates.
129
on fluro what is shouldering?
consider whether a mass is obstructing a lumen completely, is intramural and invading towards the lumen or whether something is extra.
inter, intra and extra lumanal lesions.
shouldering is the shape a mass makes into the lumen
130
odynophagia means what?
Painful swallowing
131
corkscrew oesophagus
oesophageal dysmotility - common of the elderly.
132
chest mouse
pleural fibroma (large, soft tissue density, can be a bit mobile)
133
what is epiploic appendage apendicitis
leave them be.
133
snow cap appearance on radiograph
avascular necorsis
can be due to sickle cell
134
how does ketamine affect the bladder?
releases toxins that affect the urothelium. bladder gets inflamed and fibrosed and small.
135
what else can ketamine affect beyond urothelium?
biliary tree
136
beading of the renal artery? multiple septations - diagnosis to consider
fibromusculardysplasia
137
Asbestos compensation in UK? What counts?
Mesothelioma
?possibly rounded atelectasis
pleural thickening
138
relationship of asbestos fibres and location of malignancy.
inhalation toxins normally affect mid and upper lobes
asbestos fibres tend to go to the lower lobes.
139
asbestosis
subpleural lines
plaques
140
asbestosis - diffuse pleural thickenin gaffect on lungs
can pin the lungs to the diaphragm, prevents movement of diaphragm.
reduces lung function
141
worst asbestos fibre
crocidolite
142
mimics of mesothelioma
metastatic thyomoma
pleural fibroma (lungmouse)
143
MARS 2 asbestos trial
chemo vs surgery
chemo doing better
144
silicosis will appear as what?
PMF
progressive massive fibrosis
145
why does grey turners sign happen?
the tripsinogen released from the pancreatitis allows for easy penetration of the retroperitoneum.
146
what is disease specific mortality improvement?
Its not all cause mortality - much easier to fund and prove DSMI.
147
Issues with all cause mortality?
hard to recruit
148
what is aducanumab
for alzheimer
149
How do Neuroendocrine tumours allow a radionuclide to attach?
Amine precurosr uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) mechanism
150
What do somtatostain rececptor scintography attach to?
somatostain.
151
What radionucleotides are used for NETs
Indium-111(111In) octreotide
Technetium-99m (99mTc) octreotide
Positron-emission tomography (PET)-CT gallium-68 (68Ga) peptide
152
Lady windeeer lung? Called why?
Oscar WIlde charachter, supressing cough thought todevelop MAI.
Bacterial infection
153
How is MAI cultured?
with difficulty
154
Treatment of MAI ?
6 months course of abx
?dual or triple
155
MRI brachial is what?
cronorol t1
stir
oblique clavicle of affected side
156
Scalene muscle on MRI brachial is important for what reasons?
ensures looking at 1st rib (not an accessory rib)
nerve roots go behind the salene (nbetween the anterior and posterior)
anterior scalene divides the artery (anterior) and the vein (posterior)
157
External ear pathology
Infections and inflammatory
NEC OE
Keratosis obyurans
Medial canal fibrosis
EAC cholesteatoma
158
External ear
Benign and malignant tumors
eAc osteoma
eAc exostosis
eAc scc
159
Prussak space is where what is commonly found
Commonest location of cholesteatoma
160
Small spleen causes
Fanconi
Coeliac
Sickle cell
161
Pancreatic tumour - how to measure
Tnm 8
Measurements important in staging.
162
Is measuring kidney size useful
Not really.
Left normally a bit bigger than right.
163
what age do you do mammography on? for symptomatic
aged 40 and over
164
If maignancy is confirmed, is mamoogram required no matter what the age?
yes
165
What condition is a mamogram done on younger women 35- 39
if P4 or P5 and or U4 / U5
166
what extra mammogram views are there?
MLO
CC
digital breast tomosynthesis,
compression
magnification
167
Indications for symptomatic mamography
lump
nipple symptoms (retraction, discharge, persistent unilateral eczema)
168
BI-RADS - for breast density are between what parameters
1 - fatty breasts
2 - scattered areas of fibroglandular density
3 - heterogeneously dense
4 extremely dense
169
What are we thinking when we see Tea cupping on mammorgrams?
Reassuring. / benign.
170
What is tea cupping
Benign calc can often sit in a cyst. The calc will be at the edge of the cyst and so considered benign
171
how do you assess an area of distortion on a mammogram?
state you would want tomosynthesis or paddle viewed (less used)
172
mammogram - how to rate suspicion of malignancy?
M1 normal
benign
probably benign
suspicious for malignancy
m5 malignant
173
radial scar can mimic a
cancer
174
mammogram - flame shaped density
gynaecomastia
175
when is an Eklund views used?
in breast implants to get better view of the breasts
176
benign breast lesions
fat necrosis
lipoma
hamartoma
glactoceole
intramammary lymph nodse
phylloides tumours
abscess
haemartoma
177
what are malignnat charachteristics on mammograms?
spiculated
illdefined
parchitectural distoraiton
parenchymal asymmetry
malignant calc, irregular, tiny, rod like
178
mets pattern of invasive lobular carcinoma
peritoneum
GI / GU tracts
letoominiges
myocardium
179
Invasive lobular carcinoma has what receptor positvity
ER+
180
how does ILC show on a mammorgram
distortion
spiculated mass
sometimes fails to form a palpable lump
181
skin breast thickening implies what
infalmmatory breast carcinoma
182
inflamatory breast carcinoma can mimic
mastitis
183
age for inflammatory breast carcinoma
40s to 50s
184
what is a brast fibroadneoma
overgrowth of connective tissue
185
When can you not biopsy lesions ?
presumed fibroadenoma under 25 years
fat necrosis with trauma history
imaging a typical of lipoma or hamartoma
multiple lesions (don't need to biopsy all of them)
186
what U level do you biopsy in breast
U3 and above (U5)
187
most common mets to the breasts
ovaria
lung
sarcoma
188
haemorrhagic breast mets
melanoma
rcc
choriocarcinoma
189
pthological nipple discharge
unilateral
spontaneous
sing duct orifice
190
most prostate cancers are what type
95% adenocarcinoma
191
where does prostate cancer direct spread into
bladder and seminal vesicles
192
anatomy of prostate is what?
central zone
transitional zone
peripheral zone
193
most cancers are where in the prostate
peripheral zone
194
PRIADS difference between Pirads 4 and 5
only size, greater than 1.5cm
195
difference bettween T3a and T3b in prostate cancer
A is abuting the capsue
B - invades seminal vesicles
196
why work out prostate density
work out the PSA in relation to the size of the prostate
197
why is prostate volume important?
if planning radiotherapy need to know if can get to all prostate
198
type of prostatre T2 imaging
axial images
199
mullerian ducts form what
fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix
upper 2/3 ofthe vagina
200
genital rdige froms what
?
201
T1 FS gynae to review for
haemorrhage
202
how to assessth euterus on imaging?
presence
shape
external contour
internal indentation in uterine cavity
carvix and vagina
kidneys
203
Haematocolpus, what is it
retention of menstruation
204
types of germ cell tumour
mature ovarian teratoma
immature ovarian teratoma
ovarian dysgerminoma
choriocarcinoma
205
liver mri - T1 - why?
exploit intrinsice t1 signal
see if fat or iron in a lesion
melanin also
206
liver mri - T1 - why?
exploit intrinsice t1 signal
see if fat or iron in a lesion
207
in and out of phase. how should a healthy liver look
no big diference in colour of parenchyma
5% loss of singal - mild fatty
10 - 50% moderate fatty change
208
T1 liver mri Signal similar to spleen
think metastatis
209
T1 liver mri Signal similar to liver
think HCC
210
fat on out of phase imaging should be WHAT in relation to in phase
lighter
211
liver lesions that bleed
HCC
adenoma
melanoma
212
Multi cystic vs polycytic disease
multi - there is intervening parenchyma present
213
biliary hamartomas are also called
von meyeberg complexes
214
liver complex cyst - differnetials
copmlex cyst
hydatid
cystic metastasis
215
what is shine through
on T2, they are bright. So they don't get any DWI infor from them
216
features of liver benign lesion
well marginated
smooth margin
homogeoujs
<20HU
217
haemagioma enhacnement pattern
nodular peripheral enhancemenet
218
mother in law phenominan for haemangioma
contrast arrives early and leaves late
219
what is FNH?
hyperplasia of kupffer cell, biliary ducts and blood vessels.
some people think there is an insult.
220
FNH on MRI
homogenous lobulated lesion, well demarkated, central scar of high T2 signal.
late enhancing scar
221
Neonatal X-Ray: what are the indications`?
lines and tubes
respiratory distress
antenatally diagnosed pathology
monitor treatment
suspected bowel obstruction
NEC
222
what do neonates have in front of the heart
thymus
state cardiothymic contour
223
What course does the umbilical artery catheter take
umbilical catheter, internal iliac then up to common and aorta.
224
umbilical artery caatheter tip should be located
T6 - T10
(avoid renal veseels)
225
umbilical vein catheter course
left portal vein, then ductus venosus, middle hepatic vein, IVC, right atrium
226
what is the ductus venosus
open in first few days of life between portal and systemic blood
227
tell difference between umbilical vein or artery catheter
artery will dip down to the iliac before coming up
228
Neonatal X-Ray - ET tube - how to measure location
go on vertebral body projected over
229
Neonatal X-Ray - Term baby lung pathologies
meconium aspiraiton
neonatal pneumonia
transient tachypnoea of the newborn
congenital heart diseasea
230
Neonatal X-Ray - pre-term baby lung disease
SDD
neonatal pneumonia
TTN
CHD
pulmonary interstiital emphysema
chronic lung diseases of prematurity
231
what is pulmonary interstitial emphysema
premature lungs are stiff
if ventilated get tiny blebs forming in the lungs
232
CTR in neontal xr
up to 0.6 is accessible
233
Commonest cause of death in preterm neonates
Surfactant deficiency disease
especially pre 32 weeks
234
Surfactant deficieny disease cxr findingd
diffuse bilateral granular, air bronchograms, no pleural effusions.
wide differential so clinical history important
235
Neonatal X-Ray - pulmonary oedema is noramlly suggestive of
Congenital heart disease
236
Neonatal X-Ray shows pulmonary oedema - what can you recommend
echo for CHD
237
if Neonatal X-Ray CTR is greater than 0.6 recomend
echo
238
Neonatal X-Ray - boot shaped contour
tetraology fallot
239
n a string sign
TA
240
snowman shape
TAPVD
241
thymic sail sign
normal thymus
242
spinnaker sign Neonatal X-Ray
pneumomediastinum
thymus outlined by gas
243
Neonatal X-Ray - abod signs of free gas
football sign
cupola sign
falciform ligamnet sign
riglers signs
244
lateral decubitus - look where for free gas
around the liver
245
Neonatal gut obstruction - how to categorise
Physiological
- delayed meconium
Anatomical
- atreisa
Funtional
- nec / hirshsprungs
246
how to differentiate neonate of diabetic mother vs Hirshsprungs disease
The HD is a histological diagnosis with cone segment at the splenic flexure.
IDM can appear as cone segment
247
meconium plug syndrome vs HD - more common in pre term or term
Pre term babies - meconium plug syndrome
Term - HD (and in boys)
248
frequent location of HD starting ?
zone of transition at the rectosigmoid junction.
249
contrast enema twitchy rectum
HD
250
how to tell the difference between large and small bowel in a neonatal radiograph
you can't
251
pre-term infants develop physiological jaundice within the first 2 weeks of life due to immaturity of the enzyme
glucuronosyl transferase
252
intrahepatic causes of neonatal jaundice area
Bile duct paucity: Alagille syndrome, non-syndromic
Neonatal sclerosing cholangitis
Parenchymal disease: Byler disease (progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis), idiopathic neonatal hepatitis
Infection: cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella, herpes simplex, Coxsackie B virus, echovirus, congenital syphilis, toxoplasmosis
Toxic/metabolic: total parenteral nutrition (TPN), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, galactosaemia, tyrosinaemia
Endocrine: hypothyroidism, panhypopituitarism
253
commonest liver related neonatal jaundice causes
biliary atresia or neonatal hepatitis
254
extra hepatic causes of neonatal jaundice
Biliary atresia
Choledochal cyst
Bile plug syndrome
Cholelithiasis
Spontaneous perforation of the common hepatic duct
Duodenal duplication
255
BASM stands for
biliary atresia with splenic malformation
256
triangular cord sign
biliary atresia
257
cyst at the porta hepatis
biliary atresia
258
if biliary atresia is suspected on US what is the next imaging
Hepatobiliary iminioacetic acid (HIDA) is performed
259
What can HIDA also look like?
what is the next investigations
Biliary tree paucity or severe hepatitis
biopsy
260
what are choledochal cysts?
dilatations of the biliary tree.
T1 - T5
261
jaundiced neonate - first line imaging
US
262
WHAT IMAGING IS done after USS for jaundice in neonate
depends on obstructive or non obstructuve.
HIDA - non obstructive (biliary atresia)
choledochal cyst (MRI)
263
BASM occurs in WHAT proportion of biliary atreisa
10-20% of cases.
264
Only about XXXXX of choledochal cysts present in the first year of life.
30%
265
three phases of swallowing?
oral
pharyngeal
oesophagel
266
Wiedemann syndrome predispose to child to the development of
hepatoblastoma.
267
most common causes of hepatomegaly in very young children are:
Cardiac failure
Neuroblastoma stage 4S
Haemangiomas
Metastases from neuroblastoma stage 4
Hepatitis
Metabolic disease and infiltration in storage disorders
Biliary atresia
268
Neuroblastoma 4S typically metastases
liver, bone marrow and skin
269
Causes of hepatomegaly in older children
Hepatoblastoma
Mesenchymal hamartoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma
Metastatic disease
Cystic disease
Infiltration and infection
Focal nodular hyperplasia and adenomas
270
paeds fatty liver causes
fatty liver include chemotherapy, steroid therapy, malnutrition and obesity.
metabolic disorders
271
sive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an inherited disorder which causes widespread cystic renal disease and hepatic WHAT
fibrosis
272
A large cystic hepatic lesion in a child <2 years of age is virtually diagnostic of a
mesenchymal hamartoma
273
paeds chest xr - snowman heart shadow
supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD)
274
You are reviewing the x-ray of an 88-year-old man's lumbar spine. He is known to have a large abdominal aortic aneurysm which has been deemed non-operable.
Which of the following findings is most in-keeping with this diagnosis?
Posterior vertebral beaking
0%
Anterior vertebral beaking
2%
Anterior vertebral scalloping
94%
Widened interpedicular distance
1%
Posterior vertebral scalloping
275
heamangioma on MRI
T1 and T2 bright
276
Preiser
Scaphoid
277
Ahlback
Medial femoral condyle (i.e. SONK)
278
Blount
Proximal medial tibial epiphysis
279
Scheuerman
juvenile kyphosis
280
Panner
Capitellum
281
This facial cancer spread through compartments
SCC
282
Deep cervical fasica extends from the skull base to the
coccyx
283
middle cervical fasica extends down to the
thoraic inlet
284
retropharyngeal space extends down to the
diaphragm
285
v1n-3 trigeminal travel through which foramen
OVALE V3
MAxillary V2
Superor orbital fissure for V1
286
lateral ptserygoid has which muscle on it
horizzontal. PROTRACTS THE JAW
287
medial pterygoid muslce does what action
side to side grinding
288
Parotid can be divided by
Facial nerve
external carotid
retromandibular vein.
289
glands don't have lymph nodes - why?
exception ?
they are encapsulated befroe the lymph system develops
paraotid can have lymph nodes as they encapsulate later
290
prevertebral abscess if you cant see
Longus coli
291
