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TEAS- science pt 4 Flashcards

(134 cards)

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1
Q

ex: if a scientist observes swans on the lake, and all of the swans that he sees are white, the scientist might conclude that all swans are white
- based on observation

A

inductive reasoning

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2
Q

ex: a scientist might start out with the general premise that all accountants are good with numbers. she might then meet omar, who is an accountant. the scientist would conclude that omar is good with numbers

A

deductive reasoning

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3
Q

shows that one factor increases, the other factor increases

A

direct correlation or positive correlation (direct variation or positive variation)

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4
Q

shows that one factor increases, the other decreases

A

inverse correlation or indirect correlation or negative correlation (variation)

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5
Q

to measure thickness

A

caliper

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6
Q

to measure force

A

spring scale

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7
Q

bone is synthesized within tubular structures called ____, which is made of hydroxylapatite embedded in a matrix of collagen

A

osteon

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8
Q

each osteon consists of concentric layers called ___, which are compact bone tissue that surround a central canal

A

lamellae

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9
Q

how are muscle groups identified

A

size
location
number of origins and insertions
function of muscle

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10
Q

____responds to outside changes

A

somatic nervous system

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11
Q

___ responds to inside changes

A

autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons

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13
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent neurons

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14
Q

in ___ circulation, oxygen-poor blood coming from the blood enters the heart through the right atrium and is pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs to receive oxygen

A

pulmonary circulation

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15
Q

blood is then pumped by the left ventricle to the left atrium and then sent out to the body.. the process of delivering oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body is called

A

systemic circulation

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16
Q

the heart has its own system of blood vessels that specifically circulates blood for its own function

A

coronary system

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17
Q

process of one heartbeat: the heart contracts and blood is forced out; then it relaxes and the heart fills with blood

A

cardiac cycle

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18
Q

movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

pulmonary ventilation

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19
Q

another process of the respiratory system is ____, the process by which cells get energy from nutrients

A

cellular respiration

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20
Q

3 main secretions in the stomach

A

pepsinogen
mucus
hydrochloric acid

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21
Q

once the food is digested in the stomach, the product is called ____

A

chyme

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22
Q

swallowed food mixed with saliva then moves through the esophagus (this is called what?)

A

bolus

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23
Q

the pancreas secretes _____, which helps to break down fats into useful nutrients for the body

A

pancreatic juice

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24
Q

kidneys work with the cardiovascular system to ___ and ___

A

filter blood

maintain blood pressure

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25
metabolic waste that is removed by the kidneys include what things
water carbon dioxide nitrogenous material
26
small glands found mainly in thorax and abdomen and help prevent disease by filtering out bacteria in the lymph
lymph nodes
27
___ occurs when the body recognizes these pathogens and creates an action against them
immune response
28
harmful molecules that are recognized and elicit an immune response are
antigens
29
in response to antigens, the body makes ____ to fight off specific antigen cells
antibodies
30
immune system is divided into two categories
``` innate immunity adaptive immunity (acquired) ```
31
refers to nonspecific response mechanisms that begin immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance - includes physical barriers such as skin and mucus - chemicals in the blood - immune system cells that attack foreign cells in body
innate immunity
32
refers to antigen-specific response and is more complex | -provides memory of an antigen that makes future responses to that antigen more specific
adaptive immunity (acquired)
33
if pathogens successfully enter the body, often a ___ or ___ will occur to fight off infection
fever | inflammation
34
special white blood cells, that are formed in response to certain antigens
lymphocytes
35
some examples of lymphocytes include
natural killer cells T cells B cells
36
work against cells infected with bacteria and viruses
natural killer cells
37
attack body cells infected with antigens
T cells
38
produce specific antibodies
B cells
39
develops from natural exposure to pathogens and an immune response -can also be mimicked through vaccinations
active immunity
40
elicits a temporary response when a person is given antibodies produced by another person or animal
passive immunity
41
if the immune system mistakenly targets host cells, this leads to _____
autoimmune disease
42
of the 20 primary amino acids, only ____ of these can be produced by the body itself
11
43
9 amino acids must be obtained through the diet, they are known as
essential amino acids
44
proteins synthesize and repair ___
DNA
45
proteins respond to ___
stimuli
46
proteins send and receive ____
chemical signals
47
___ is a component found in carbohydrates that cannot be digested by the body
fiber
48
once digested, lipids are broken down into
fatty acids and glycerol
49
prokaryote cells are represented in what two types of organisms
bacteria and archaea
50
glucose + oxygen--> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
cellular respiration in the mitochondria (aerobic respiration)
51
water + carbon dioxide + sun's energy--> glucose + oxygen
photosynthesis
52
which is larger, RNA or DNA?
DNA
53
refers to the genetic makeup in its chromosomes
genotype
54
refers to the entire genetic material of an individual
genome
55
the english geneticist _____ created a diagram for predicting the outcomes when crossbreeding genotypes
reginald punnett
56
father of genetics, german monk - his work with pea plants led him to notice a mathematical distribution in traits among offspring allowing him to codify the laws of inheritances - he discovered that some traits are recessive and some are dominant
gregor mendel
57
___ and ___ each have a mass of 1 atomic mass unit
proton and neutron
58
s orbitals
max 2 electrons
59
p orbital
max 6 electrons
60
d orbital
max 18 electrons
61
f orbital
max 32
62
state of matter depends on __ and __
temperature | pressure
63
higher temperature cause molecules to energize and move _____
farther apart
64
increasing pressure forces molecules _____
closer together
65
which of the following is a type of external chemical barrier provided by the body's innate immune system
salt
66
which type of nutrient is broken down by trypsin?
protein
67
if a scientist wants to determine the rate at which an enyzme works, what could he or she measure
the rate at which the product appears
68
how many kingdoms of life are there?
6
69
what prevents ultraviolet radiation produced by the sun from damaging life on earth?
ozone layer
70
____ is flexible, whereas a ___ is rigid
cell membrane | cell wall
71
which of the following can be found in abundance in a fatigued muscle?
lactic acid
72
cilia can be found in
bronchi upper airways fallopian tubes
73
tidal volume is the amount of air moved during
shallow breathing
74
two fatty acids bonded to a phosphate group
phospholipids
75
component of membranes, and many are precursors to significant hormones
steroids
76
most significant contributor to cellular function
proteins
77
glycolysis produces
2 molecules of ATP 2 molecules of pyruvate 2 molecules of NADH
78
for a single consumed glucose molecule what is produced in kreb's cycle?
2 molecules of ATP 6 molecules of CO2 6 molecules of NADH
79
a molecule of water is bonded with another molecule of water by what type of bond?
hydrogen bond
80
what is the fundamental unit of biology?
cell
81
what are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production
cellular respiration | fermentation
82
what is the function of water in photosynthesis?
supply electrons in the light reactions
83
because genetics is the study of heredity, many human disorders can be determined by studying a person's chromosomes or by creating which of the following?
pedigree
84
chemical reactions in living systems proceed along catabolic pathways, and there tends to be an increase in which of the following?
entropy
85
only movable bone of the skull
mandible
86
examples of tropic hormones
TSH FSH somatotropin (growth hormone) LH
87
vasodilation and vasoconstriction result from which of the following?
relaxation and contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial wall
88
what type of genetic mutation occurs when a piece of DNA breaks off the chromosome and attaches to a different chromosome
translocation
89
which chemicals are responsible for conveying along a nerve cell
sodium and potassium
90
what plant hormone causes fruit to ripen
ethylene
91
purpose of the stigma?
to gather pollen
92
3 fibers found in cytoskeleton
microfilament microtubule intermediate filament
93
alcohols have which common structure
hydroxyl group
94
second law of thermodynamics
entropy is always increasing in the universe
95
quantity of matter an object has
mass
96
what law describes the electric force between two charged particles
coulomb's law
97
what process transfers thermal energy through matter directly from particle to particle
conduction
98
what kind of bond connects sugar and phosphate in DNA
covalent bond
99
an anaerobic process where yeasts act on sugar solution to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol
fermentation
100
oxygen debt is created due to the build-up of ___ in the ____, which needs a high level of oxygen to be oxidized
lactic acid, muscles
101
ileum absorbs ___ and ___
bile salts | B12
102
villi are only present in the ___
small intestine
103
does the large intestine secrete enzymes?
no
104
villi contain ___ for the absorption of fats
lacteals
105
maturation and development of T cells take place in what region?
thymus gland
106
volume of air that remains present in the lungs, even after inhalation/exhalation, is called ____ and is about ___ liters
residual volume, 1.2 liters
107
what causes a moving body to resist a change in its state of motion
inertia
108
a change in the gravitational field affects which property of a body?
weight
109
have magnitude but no direction | -mass, speed, time
scalar
110
have both magnitude and direction | -velocity, acceleration, force
vector
111
a large amount of energy is produced in the center of sun by which phenomenon
nuclear fusion
112
the spine and hips belong to what type of bones?
irregular bones
113
what are substances that stimulate adaptive immunity called?
phagocytes
114
which of the following has the least amount of sweat glands? - axilla - palms - forehead - back
back
115
which of the following is needed for an experiment to be considered successful
data that others can reproduce
116
what is the name of a condition where the heart rate is at 118 beats per minute
tachycardia
117
normal heart beat rate for healthy adult heart
60-100
118
absence of respirations
apnea
119
a slower than normal heart rate
bradycardia
120
presence of rapid respirations
tachypnea
121
faster than normal heart rate at rest
tachycardia
122
most bones in the limbs are ____, including thighs, forearms, and fingers
long bones
123
variable in the experiment that has not been changed by the experimenter but is subjected to the same processes as the other tested components
control
124
control center of cell
nucleus
125
responsible for cell movement
cilia | flagella
126
helps cell maintain its shape and protects it from environment
cell membrane
127
process by which simple, less specialized cells become highly specialized, complex cells
cellular differentiation
128
store hereditary information and thus allow hereditary traits to be passed from parents to offspring
genes
129
sweat glands in high concentration
``` axilla perianal gland forehead palsm soles groin ```
130
sweat glands in low concnetration
back | legs
131
specialized type of white blood cells that play an important role in the immune response of all humans
T cells
132
produced in bone marrow, but they mature in the thymus gland
T cells
133
increased levels of thyroxine can cause ___
tachycardia (increased heart rate)
134
decreased levels of thyroxine can cause ___
bradycardia (decreased heart rate)

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