Tectonics Eq3

Question 1

Has the number of tectonic hazards increased, remained steady or decreased

Answer 1

Overall remained steady, slight increase

Question 2

Why has the number of tectonic disasters slightly increased

Answer 2

Greater urbanisation and population growth

Question 3

Has the number of deaths caused by tectonic hazards increased, decreased or remained steady

Answer 3

Decreased

Question 4

Why has the number of deaths caused by tectonic hazards decreased

Answer 4

Improved education, warning systems, building construction and planning

Question 5

Has the economic cost of disasters increased, decreased or remained steady

Answer 5

Increased

Question 6

Why has the economic cost of natural disasters increased

Answer 6

Increased wealth means there are more possessions and property to be damaged and more expensive infrastructure

Question 7

Why can disaster statistics be unreliable

Answer 7

Deaths can go unrecorded in remote locations, political bias, mega disasters can skew trend

Question 8

Name two mega disasters

Answer 8

Iceland eruption 2010, Japanese tsunami 2011

Question 9

Name a multiple hazard zone

Answer 9

Phillipines

Question 10

What are the hazards in the Philippines

Answer 10

Volcanoes (24 active)
Tsunamis
Tropical storms (between 5° and 20° north of equator)

Question 11

Why are volcanoes more predictable than earthquakes

Answer 11

Signs that an eruption is about to occur: ground changes shape, gas eruptions occur, earthquake activity can be measured

Question 12

How can earthquakes be predicted

Answer 12

They can’t be predicted accurately, can only make a probabilistic forecast

Question 13

What are the four stages of the hazard management cycle and give an example of each

Answer 13

1. Response - search and rescue
2. Recovery - long term reconstruction
3. Mitigation - building back better
4. Preparedness - education

Question 14

What does the park model look like

Answer 14

Quality of life on y axis, time on X axis, broken down into 4 parts: pre disaster, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction

Question 15

What does the park model show

Answer 15

All countries after a disaster have a sudden decrease in quality of life and then a steady increase
Quality of life then either remains low, returns to normal or continues increasing past normal levels

Question 16

What were the primary effects of the Christchurch earthquake 2011

Answer 16

185 deaths, 100,000 properties damaged

Question 17

What were the secondary effects of the Christchurch earthquake

Answer 17

Schools closed for 2 weeks, businesses closed

Question 18

What was the immediate response to the christchurch earthquake

Answer 18

Over $6 million international aid, residents supplied with chemical toilets

Question 19

What was the long term response to the Christchurch earthquake

Answer 19

Water and sewage repaired, created earthquake proof structures, more green space in high risk areas

Question 20

What happened to the quality of life after the Christchurch earthquake

Answer 20

It increased beyond what it was before the earthquake

Question 21

What are four ways to modify the event

Answer 21

Earthquake resistant design, diversion of lava flows/lahars, engineering solutions (tsunami flood walls), landuse zoning (high risk areas are not built on)

Question 22

What are three ways to modify the vulnerability and resilience

Answer 22

Hi-tech monitoring (prediction, forecasting and warnings), improvements in community preparedness, public awareness and education (e.g ‘great shake out’ California)

Question 23

What are four ways to modify the loss

Answer 23

Emergency shelters and food supplies
Insurance and financial stability
Crisis mapping
Effective search and rescue operations