Telencephalon Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Anatomically, R and L cerebral hemispheres are
A
Equivalent
2
Q
Pallium
A
Outer convoluted gray cerebral cortex
3
Q
Centrum semiovale
A
Underlying mass of white fibers
4
Q
Basal ganglia
A
Deep within white matter; collections of neuron cell bodies
5
Q
Lobes are named for
A
Overlying bones
6
Q
Largest lobe
A
Frontal lobe
7
Q
Smallest lobe
A
Occipital lobe
8
Q
Functions of telencephalon
A
- Final integration of neural mechanisms
- Initiation center for voluntary actions
- Memory and associative memory
- Abstract thinking - basis of emotional response
9
Q
Thickest part of cortex
A
Precentral gyrus
10
Q
Thinnest part of cortex
A
Calcarine sulcus
11
Q
Subdivisions of cortex
A
Neocortex
Allocortex
12
Q
Neocortex
A
Phylogenetically new
Occupies 90% of cortex
13
Q
6 Laminae of neocortex
A
- Molecular lamina I
- External granular lamina II
- External pyramidal lamina III
- Internal granular lamina IV
- Internal pyramidal lamina V
- Multiform lamina VI
14
Q
Molecular layer
Lamina I
A
Outermost lamina (nearest pia mater) Filled with synaptic activity
15
Q
External granular layer
Lamina II
A
Small, closely packed granular neurons
Axons extend into deeper lamina of same cortex (does not reach white matter)
Aka Intracortical Association Layer
16
Q
External pyramidal layer
Lamina III
A
Small pyramidal neuron cell bodies
Axons extend out of cortex to white matter, then return to gray
Aka Intercortical Association Layer
17
Q
External granular layer + external pyramidal layer
A
Thinking part of cortex
Associative Cortex
18
Q
Internal granular layer
Lamina IV
A
Thalamic inputs arrive here
Well developed in sensory areas
19
Q
Internal pyramidal layer
Lamina V
A
Large pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies (includes Betz cells)
Axons project to other brain and cord centers from here (corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers)
20
Q
Multiform layer
Lamina VI
A
Mix of incoming and outgoing fibers
21
Q
Lamina V + lamina VI
A
Projection laminae
22
Q
Brodmann Area #4 confined to
A
Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
23
Q
Brodmann Area #4
Function
A
Voluntary motor initiation, especially in distal extremities, facial and oral musculature
24
Q
Only area to contain Betz cells
A
Brodmann area #4
25
Brodmann area #4 has well developed ___ laminae
Projection
| V and VI
26
No other single area contributes more fibers to pyramidal system than the
Precentral gyrus
27
Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3
| Location
Post central gyrus of parietal lobe
28
Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3
| Function
```
Somesthetic cortex (body sensing)
Pain, thermal, deep and light touch, vibratory, kinesthetic input received and integrated into conscious sensation
```
29
Specific thalamic efferent from __ and ___ are abundant in areas 1, 2, 3
VPL
| VPM
30
Lamina __ is well developed in areas 1,2,3
IV
| Also projection cortex; V, VI
31
Areas 6 and 8
| Location
Just in front of area #4
32
Areas 6 and 8 also referred to as
Premotor regions
33
Areas 6 and 8 are good ___ and contribute fibers directly and indirectly to pyramidal system
Motor initiation centers
34
Area #6
| Function
Influence on proximal portions of extremities (hips and shoulders)
35
Area #8
| Function
Initiates voluntary movements of eyes
Fibers from #8 stimulate LMN that move 6 extraocular eye muscles
36
Location of LMN that move extraocular eye muscles
Nuclei of CN III, IV, VI
37
Areas 9, 10, 11, 12 known as
Prefrontal region
38
Newest of neopallial structures
Areas 9, 10, 11, 12
39
Areas 9, 10, 11, 12 have highly developed ___ and associative input arrives from all cortical regions
Associative cortex (lamina II, III)
40
Areas 9, 10, 11, 12
| Function
Elaboration of thought
Abstract reasoning
Imagination
Emotions
41
Area #44 also referred to as
Broca’s Speech Area
42
Area #44 location
Frontal operculum along lateral inferior surface of frontal lobe
43
Broca’s Speech Area
| Function
Motor speech center
44
Area #44 directs area #4 neurons that initiate
Tongue, laryngeal, and pharyngeal musculature in process of speaking
45
Frequently affected in strokes due to middle cerebral artery
Area #44
46
Aphasia
Loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking, or signs
47
Damage to Broca’s area results in
Motor aphasia
48
Dysphasia
Partial or unusual loss of communicative ability
49
Speech is dominant on __ side of brain
Left
50
If area 44 is damaged on non-dominant side, patient will have difficulty with...
Prosodic language
51
Areas 17, 18,19 occupy
Bulk of cortex in occipital lobe
52
Areas 17,18,19 collectively make up
Visual cortex
53
Area 17 located along
Calcarine sulcus
54
Area 17 receives fiber input from
Lateral geniculate body
55
Area 17 is..
Primary visual cortex
56
Number 17 also called ____ due to white band running through Lamina IV
Striate cortex
57
We “see” in area __
17
*includes perception of motion, illumination, transparency
58
Areas 18 and 19 integrate and store ___
Visual memories
Help recognize what we see
59
Prosopagnosia
Difficulty remembering/recognizing faces
60
Area 41 is the
Primary Auditory Cortex
61
Area 41 located within
Superior temporal gyrus, especially along Heschl’s gyrus/ transverse temporal gyrus
62
Area 41 receives input from
Medial geniculate bodies
63
We “hear” in area
41
*includes pitch, tone, loudness
64
Wernicke’s area
Area 22
65
___ surrounds area 41
Wernicke’s area
66
Wernicke’s area primarily known for its
Hearing memory function
Importance in speech
Syntax
Grammar
67
Light striking medial side of retina comes from ___
Lateral field of vision
68
Optic chiasm segregates
Visual field
69
Left field of vision goes to
Right side of brain
70
Right field of vision goes to
Left side of brain
71
Damage to optic chiasm would result in
Loss of peripheral vision
72
Areas 5,7,39,40 fill bulk of
Parietal lobe
73
Areas 5,7,39,40 function
Reading
Writing
Language
74
Area 39 located in
Angular gyrus
75
Lesion in area 39 could result in
Alexia
| Agraphia
76
Alexia
Deficiency in reading
77
Agraphia
Deficiency in writing
78
Connection between Wernicke’s and Broca’s area
Arcuate fasciculus
79
Area 43 function
Gustatory center
80
Area 43 located in
Parietal operculum
81
Interpretation of olfaction occurs in
Area 34 in the uncus
| Area 28 in parahippacampal gyrus
82
Functions typically lateralized to left
```
Speech
Vocabulary
Grammar
Linear reasoning
Tool use
```
83
Functions typically lateralized to right
Singing
Spatial manipulations
Prosodic language
84
Caudate nucleus + putamen nucleus
Neostraitum
85
Caudate nucleus + putamen nucleus + globus pallidus
Corpus striatum
86
Caudate nucleus + putamen nucleus + globus pallidus + amygdaloid complex
Basal ganglia
87
Putamen + globus pallidus
Lenticular nucleus
88
Thickness of cortex varies between
1.5-4.5 mm
89
Parts of caudate nucleus
Head
Body
Tail
90
Head region of caudate nucleus continuous with
Putamen nucleus
Via gray matter bridges
91
Caudate efferent output fibers
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Thalamus
92
Most lateral of corpus striatal nuclei
Putamen nucleus
93
Efferent output fibers of putamen nucleus
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Thalamus
Caudate
94
Medial medullary lamina separates
Globus pallidus into medial and lateral segments
95
Lateral medullary lamina separates
Lateral part of globus pallidus from putamen
96
Afferent fibers of globus pallidus AKA
Pallidal fibers
97
Afferent fibers from globus pallidus include
Caudate nucleus
Putamen nucleus
Subthalamic nucleus
98
Efferent fibers from globus pallidus AKA
Pallidalfugal fibers
**represent primary efferent outflow from corpus striatum
99
Most efferent fibers from globus pallidus go to
Anterior aspect of thalamus
100
Amygdala location
Temporal lobe
101
Amygdala inputs
Olfactory tract
Hypothalamus
Neocortex
102
Amygdala considered to be part of
Limbic system (emotions)
103
Amygdaloid activity is associated with
Increased inhibition
104
Amygdaloid must be intact to
Sense fear or anger
105
Basal ganglia plays key role in
Extrapyramidal system
106
Basal ganglia contributes to brain’s ability to
Inhibit pain
107
3 fibers types in white matter
1. Projection
2. Commissural
3. Association
108
Most projection axons travel in
Corona radiata and internal capsule
109
Commissural axons
Connect equivalent structures on opposite hemispheres
110
Corpus callosum contains approximately how many neurons
300 million
111
Found only in placental mammals
Corpus callosum
112
Parts included in corpus callosum
```
Splenium
Body
Genu
Rostrum
Forceps anticus
Forceps posticus
Tapetum
```
113
Variable part of basal ganglia
Claustrum
114
Huntington’s Chorea
Graceful involuntary movements due to GABA deficiency
115
Ballism/ Hemiballism
Violent movement
Lesions in subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus
116
Head region is continuous with putamen nucleus by gray matter bridges
Caudate nucleus
117
Most lateral of corpus straital nuclei
Putamen
118
Putamen stores dopamine in
Nigrostriatal axon telodendria
119
Globus pallidus is separated into medial and lateral segments by
Medial medullary lamina
120
Lateral part of globus pallidus is separated from putamen by
Lateral medullary lamina
121
Afferent fibers of globus pallidus
Pallidal fibers
122
Efferent fibers of globus pallidus
Pallidalfugal fibers
123
Pallidalfugal fibers represent...
Primary efferent outflow from corpus striatum
124
Most pallidalfugal fibers go to
Anterior aspect of thalamus
125
Inputs to amygdala are from
Olfactory tract
126
Amygdala considered to be part of
Limbic system
127
Amygdaloid activity associated with
Increased inhibition
128
Amygdaloid must be intact to sense
Fear and anger
129
Basal ganglia play a key role in __ and __
Extrapyramidal system
Brain’s ability to inhibit pain
130
Fiber types in centrum semiovale
Projection
Commissural
Association
131
Most projection axons of centrum semiovale travel to __ and ___
Corona radiata
| Internal capsule
132
Corpus callosum contains ___ neurons
300 million
133
__ found only in placental mammals
Corpus callosum
134
Largest commissural axon
Corpus callosum
135
Parts of corpus callosum
Splenium, body, Genu, rostrum, forceps anticus, forceps posticus, tapetum
