Telencephalon- clinical cerebral cortex

Question 1

agranular layer is in which gyrys?

Answer 1

post central gyrus

Question 2

which gyrus is the granular layer?

Answer 2

precentral

Question 3

which cortical projection does interhemispheric connections?

Answer 3

commissural

Question 4

what does the anterior commissure connect? what does the corpus callosum connect?

Answer 4

ant commissure connects middle and inferior temporal gyri

CC connects about everything else

Question 5

which cortical projection connects intracortical areas?

Answer 5

association- uncinate, arcuate, superior longitudinal, inf longitudinal, cingulum

Question 6

which cortical projection descends to subcortical regions?

Answer 6

projection

Question 7

a lesion in the commissural pathways would manifest in a deficit in the…

Answer 7

homologous region in the opposite hemisphere

Question 8

infarct vs penumbra

Answer 8

penumbra is potential site for spread of infarction, but not yet irreversibly damaged

Question 9

deficits associated with left hemisphere damage

Answer 9

right sided sensory and motor deficit, aphasia, alexia, gerstmann’s syndrome, tactile agnosia, apraxia (movement deficit), verbal memory impairment, executive reasoning

Question 10

deficits associated with right hemisphere damage

Answer 10

elft sided sensory and motor deficits, arousal, orientation, awareness deficits, neglect of left space, constructional and dressing apraxia, aprosodia

Question 11

each hemisphere’s spatial awareness capabilities

Answer 11

LH- only right spatial awareness

RH- left and right spatial awareness (so loss of RH could still have right spatial awareness)

Question 12

what is alexia without agraphia? what location would the lesions be in? what artery could be blocked?

Answer 12

unable to read written info, even if they write it themselves. damage to visual cortex in the left hemisphere and the splenium of the corpus callosum

-left posterior cerebral artery supplies these

Question 13

the somatosensory areas of the brain. what are the primary sensations that are processed here?

Answer 13

areas 3, 1, 2; touch, proprioception; stimulation produces tingling, numbness

Question 14

damage to the somatosensory areas causes..

Answer 14

contralateral hyperesthesia

astereognosis

Question 15

the somatosensory association cortices

Answer 15

superior parietal areas 5 and 7 (input from 3, 1, 2 and visual area 7)

supramarginal gyrus area 40 (sensory, auditory, and visual input)

Question 16

damage to superior parietal association results in

Answer 16

contralateral loss of tactile discrimination (astereognosis) and inability to recognize forms and body position

Question 17

damage to supramarginal gyrus results in

Answer 17

apraxia, aphasia, spatial neglect

Question 18

inability to see more than 1 object at a time (usually bilateral damage)

Answer 18

simultanagnosia

Question 19

deficit in reaching under visual guidance that cannot be explained by motor, sensory, visual field defects

Answer 19

optic ataxia

Question 20

decreased awareness for the side of the body or objects in space located contralateral to brain injury// what location is commonly damaged and causes this?

Answer 20

hemispatial neglect

right parietal lobe

Question 21

what location of lesion is visual agnosia more commonly associated with?

Answer 21

inferior temporal lobe and adjacent visual cortex

Question 22

*components of Balint’s syndrome

Answer 22

psychic paralysis of gaze with haphazard scanning

optic ataxia

simultanagnosia

Question 23

what causes Balint’s syndrome?

Answer 23

bilateral lesions in parieto-occipital cortex due to stroke, trauma, or degenerative disease

Question 24

presentation of hemispatial neglect

Answer 24

eyes and head deviate ipsilaterally

eat food on left side of plate, fail to dress left side of body, fail to acknowledge people on the left

Question 25

tests for diagnosing hemispatial neglect

Answer 25

line bisection, line cancellation

Question 26

right posterior parietal cortex lesion results in unilateral visual neglect of what side?

Answer 26

left side (neglect is frequently the result of damage to the right hemisphere!)

Question 27

functions of the inferior areas of the left hemisphere parietal lobe

Answer 27

language, skilled movement, simple math

Question 28

fucntions of the right side inferior parietal lobe

Answer 28

spatial and non-spatial cognition, attention, memory

Question 29

superior areas of parietal lobe on both sides mediates..

Answer 29

reaching, grasping, tactile exploration, oculomotor function, visually guided action and intentions to perform movemnts

Question 30

primary and secondary visual areas

Answer 30

primary- 17 | secondary-18, 19

Question 31

destruction of area 17 results in.... destruction of areas 18 and 19 results in.....

Answer 31

17-visual field defects 18,19- hallucinations, agnosia, alexia

Question 32

describe Anton's syndrome/ what typically causes it

Answer 32

form of cortical blindness in which px denies visual impairment confabulation is common caused by bilateral damage to occipital lobe extending from primary visual cortex to association cortex

Question 33

gyrus for visual association; where do inputs come from?; what does damage result in?

Answer 33

angular gyrus area 39 receives heteromodal input optic radiation damage results in contralateral hemianopia

Question 34

left hemisphere destruction of angular gyrus (visual association) is associated with this syndrome

Answer 34

Gerstmann's syndrome

Question 35

right hemisphere destruction of angular gyrus (visual association) is associated with this deficit

Answer 35

hemi-neglect

Question 36

4 symptoms of gerstmann's syndrome

Answer 36

agnosia (cant ID things), left-right confusion, agraphia, acalculia may or may not have visual field defects

Question 37

a deficit in visual object recognition

Answer 37

visual agnosia

Question 38

rare inability to copy, recognize, or discriminate shapes

Answer 38

apperceptive visual agnosia

Question 39

more common- has shape perception and can draw objects but can't associate the visual object with its meaning; can't name objects or show recognition b y pointing

Answer 39

associate visual agnosia

Question 40

location of lesion that usually causes associative visual agnosia

Answer 40

inferior temporal lobes

Question 41

which plays bigger role in spatial processing and spatially directed movements: occipital cortex or superior partietal lobes?

Answer 41

superior parietal lobes

Question 42

what and where pathways: which is dorsal and goes to posterior parietal lobe? which is ventral and goes to inferior temporal lobe?

Answer 42

where goes to posterior parietal what goes to inferior temporal

Question 43

difference between magno and parvocellular pathways/location?

Answer 43

magno cells have large bodies- operates quickly parvo cells have small bodies- operate slowly with more details LGN

Question 44

auditory areas/what gyrus? input?

Answer 44

41, 42; heschl's gyrus; input from MGN; destruction results in partial deafness

Question 45

association cortex area? location? destruction of LH vs RH?

Answer 45

association cortex is area 22 in posterior superior temporal gyrus LH damage results in Wernicke's aphasia RH damage results in sensory dysprosodia

Question 46

motor areas and their locations

Answer 46

primary- area 4 (precentral gyrus) - hemiparesis premotor- area 6; precentral gyrus - apraxia, dystonia

Question 47

prefrontal cortex damage results in

Answer 47

impaired social behavior, decreased initiation, suck and grasp responses, incontinence, abulia, mutism