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Brain and Behavior 2 > Vestibular System > Flashcards

Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the vestibular system

A

move the eyes

neck and body muscle coordination

perception of body orientation

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2
Q

position sense relies on collaboration of..

A

vestibular system

visual system

proprioception

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3
Q

what does Romberg’s sign test? (standing up straight and closing eyes)

A

vestibular and proprioception

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4
Q

major structures of the vestibular system and their functions

A

semicircular ducts - detect angular acceleration

utricle and saccule - detection of linear acceleration

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5
Q

structures of the macula inside the utricle or saccule

A

otoconium, otolithic membrane, hair cell, supporting cell

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6
Q

what happens when the head tilts to the right?

A

otoconium will move to the right, causing stereocilia on top of a hair cell to bend to the right.

this changes the membrane potential and alters glutamate release from hair cells, initiating a signal in the bipolar cells of the vestibular ganglion

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7
Q

names of the semicircular ducts

A

anterior, posterior, lateral/horizontal

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8
Q

what is the significance of the 3 semicircular canals arranged at a right angle to one another?

A

duplicated signals for each head movement, thus precise head positioning

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9
Q

what fluid is found inside the semicircular canals?

A

endolymph, ahir cells in the ampullas, activated by endolymph movement

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10
Q

structure that hair cells sit on; what are they embedded in?

A

crista; semifluid cupula

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11
Q

characteristics of endolymph

A

similar to intracellular fluid, high in K low in Na

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12
Q

why are they called dendrites of vestibular ganglion cells instead of axons?

A

they pick up sensory info

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13
Q

hair cells in the utricle/saccule are activated by

A

otolith movement (this helps detet linear acceleration)

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14
Q

what happens when otoliths get into the semicircular canals?

A

causes vertigo in the patient

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15
Q

angular acceleration that semicircular canals respond to is actually a response to a change of..

A

speed

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16
Q

higher speed contributes to this type of firing frequency

A

higher

17
Q

if speed is constant, the frequency is

A

background firing frequency

18
Q

vestibular connections into the CNS

A

cerebellum, vestibular nuclei to spinal cord, thalamus to somatosensory cortex, CN 3, 4, 6, reticular formation (pons, medulla)

19
Q

the vestibular connections into the CNS function to

A

move the eyes

neck and body muscle coordination

perception of body orientation

20
Q

the name for the reflex where your head tilts right, eyes move left and vice versa (unconscious)

A

vestibule-ocular reflex

oculocephalic reflex

doll’s eye reflex

21
Q

steps of the vestibule-ocular reflex

A

signals generated in the ampula of horizontal semicircular canals because of endolymph movement, info passes thru vestibular ganglion to nucleus to CN 6, via MLF the info is relayed to CN 4 and CN 3 nuclei

right eye is pulled to the left when CN 3 commands MR to pull

right CN 6 nucleus also talks to lateral rectus to pull, left eye pulled left, right eye pulled left.

22
Q

brainstem structures important for vestibular-ocular movement connection

A

vestibular system, MLF, CN 3, 4, 6 nuclei

23
Q

when the vestibule-ocular reflex is used to test brainstem function in comatose patients its called

A

oculocephalic reflex

24
Q

what’s the caloric test?

A

same vestibular-ocular reflex initiated by irrigating the patient’s warm/cold water; initiates nystagmus due to endolymph movement in the semicircular canals

25
Q

direction of nystagmus is defined by the..

A

fast phase (if eyes jerk to the right rapidly, its right-beating nystagmus)

26
Q

3 ways to induce nystagmus

A

rotation, cold/warm water into ear, optokinetic

27
Q

the direction of endolymph flow =

A

direction of tracking = direction of slow phase nystagmus

28
Q

cold water into right ear =…

warm water into right ear = ..

A

left-beating nystagmus

right-beating nystagmus

29
Q

what does COWS stand for

A

Cold Opposite, Warm Same.

30
Q

in a normal person the slow phase is controlled by… the fast phase controlled by…

A

slow phase= brainstem

fast phase=cerebrum

31
Q

so in a coma patient with cerebrum not functioning, which phase is apparent?

A

slow phase only, if brainstem is intact

32
Q

induction of nystagmus by looking at a continuously moving object

A

optokinetic nystagmus or railroad nystagmus

33
Q

what is the optokinetic reflex used to test?

A

factitious blindness since we cannot suppress this reflex if visual pathway is in tact

34
Q

what cranial nerves travel through internal auditory meatus?

A

CN 7 and 8

35
Q

common tumor at lower pons in the internal auditory meatus

A

acoustic nerve schwannoma

Brain and Behavior 2 (25 decks)

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