Brainstem I Flashcards by t g

muscles that open the eye

levator palpebrae, muller’s muscle

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sympathetic nervous system muscle that dilates the pupil

Muller’s muscle

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symptoms of horner’s syndrome

unilateral anhydrosis, ptosis, constricted pupils

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artery that supplies the midbrain

posterior cerebral artery (end of the basilar)

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what is hemiparesis?

weakness on the entire one side of the body

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what is hemiplegia?

completely paralyzed on one side of the body (severe form of hemiparesis)

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function of the peduncles

holds up the telencephalon

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these peduncles are part of the midbrain

cerebral peduncles

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artery that supplies the peduncles

posterior cerebral artery

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another name for midbrain, pons, medulla

mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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where does the brainstem begin?

foramen magnum

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where is the brainstem in relation to the tentorium?

mostly infratentorial

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the rostral medulla is “open” to the..

bottom of the 4th ventricle

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the rostral and caudal pons form the…

tegmentum

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how to tell difference between MRI and CT

CT is an Xray, so it shows bone; MRi does not

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where does decussation of pyramidal fibers occur?

rostral medulla (open)

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pons is open to the

cerebral aqueduct

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“wine glass” figure on midbrain classical section represents

inferior colliculus (caudal midbrain)

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“kissing seals” figure on midbrain classical section represents

superior colliculi

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“owl” figure on midbrain classical section represents

decussation of ventral spinocerebellar tract

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describe the path/position of the corticospinal tract through the brainstem

outside of cerebral peduncle, pierces the pons (broken up), back on the outside of the medulla as a pyramid, decussation of corticospinal tract in caudal medulla

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function and principle structures of the medial longitudinal fasciculus

eyes move with body when it tips over; oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nuclus, abducens nucleus, vestibular nuclei

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cranial nerves and where they originate

CN I - telencephalon
CN II - diencephalon
CN II, CN IV - midbrain
CN V-VIII - pons
CN IX-XII - medulla
CN XI - also spinal cord

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type of neurons that do general sensory and special sensory

general sensory: pseudounipolar neurons

special sensory: bipolar neurons

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what are the 2 names for a neuron that innervates skeletal muscle?

alpha motor neuron/LMN, motor nuclei in the brainstem

type of neuron that functions as motor

multipolar neuron

smooth muscle motor neurons of cranial nerves supply..

PREganglionic parasympathetics

skeletal muscle motor neurons of cranial nerves supply

somites, branchial arches

where do the sympathetics to the head originate?

superior cervical ganglion, which follow the internal carotid into the brain

special "visceral" afferents from the brainstem supply..

senses of taste, smell

special somatic afferents from the brainstem supply..

eye, ear (seeing, hearing)

sensory nuclei: 1st order neurons or 2nd order?

2nd order

motor nuclei of cranial nerves are made of..

alpha motor neurons OR preganglionic parasympathetics

sensory ganglia of cranial nerves are one of these 2 types of neurons

pseudounipolar or bipolar neurons

motor ganglia of cranial nerves are this type of neuron

multipolar parasympathetic

in the brainstem, sensory nuclei are ____, while motor nuclei are more ____

lateral; medial

sulcus limitans: what is rostral to it? what is caudal to it?

alar plate is caudal; basal plate is rostral

the basal plate becomes part of the..

ventral horn/somatic efferents/MOTOR NUCLEI

the alar plate becomes part of the..

dorsal horn/somatic afferents/sensory

in the brainstem, the alar plate is ____ to the sulcus limitans; the basal plate is _____ to the sulcus limitans.

alar plate is lateral; basal plate is medial

hypoglossal trigone: derived from which plate?

basal plate: motor nuclei that supplies skeletal muscles of tongue

what neurons make up somatic sensory?

pseudounipolar neurons

what neurons make up visceral sensory?

pseudounipolar neurons

what neurons have up visceral motor?

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

what neurons make up somatic motor?

alpha motor neurons

branchial arch skeletal muscle alpha motor neurons (SVE) migrate..

down and away from the ventricle

sensory: general somatic cranial nerves

5, 7, 9, 10 (skin and mucous membranes)

special sensory cranial nerves

2, 8 (eye and ear)

general visceral sensory cranial nerves

9, 10 (internal organs)

special visceral sensory cranial nerves

7, 9, 10, 1 (taste, olfactory)

general somatic motor cranial nerves

12, 3, 4, 6 (tongue, eye muscles)

general visceral motor cranial nerves

3, 7, 9, 10 (parasympathetics)

special visceral motor cranial nerves

5, 7 ambiguous nucleus (branchial muscles)

somatic skeletal muscles of head and neck is only..

eye and tongue

branchial arch muscle of mastication supplied by..

CN V

branchial arch muscle of facial expression supplied by..

CN VII

pharynx and larynx branchial arch muscle supplied by..

IX, X, XI

nucleus ambiguous contains which cranial nerves

IX, X, XI

branchial arch skeletal muscle: somatic or visceral?

special visceral

branchial (pharyngeal arches): 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th innervations

V, VII, IX, X respectively

hypoglossal nucleus (somatic motor) goes to which muscles? what type of neurons?

intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue; alpha motor neurons (purely motor)

nucleus for taste, general sensation of viscera

solitary nucleus

spinal trigeminal nucleus carries which cranial nerve(s)?

7, 9, 10 (general somatic sensory) use trigeminal system nucleus to get to the outer ear, etc

for the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) the dorsal nucleus of the vagus becomes the..

inferior salvatory nucleus