Terms Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Direct Search - A, B, C, S
A
A - Alignment
B - Bone
C - Cartilage (joint space)
S - Soft Tissue
2
Q
Imaging that allows detailed examination of anatomy & abnormalities that are covered by shadows & are inaccessible by conventional radiography
A
Conventional tomography
3
Q
Imaging is important in assessment of trauma to skull, face, spine, pelvis, hips, & shoulders
A
Computed tomography
4
Q
Imaging hinges on the selective uptake of certain compounds by different organs of the body. Utilizes the isotope techntium-99m-methylene disphosphate
A
Bone Scintigraphy AKA Radionuclide bone scan
5
Q
Contrast opacification of joint cavities to evaluate joint disease
A
Arthrography
6
Q
Introduction of a water-soluble contrast agent into an artery or vein
A
Angiography
7
Q
Contrast examination of the spine and spinal cord by injection into subarachnoid space
A
Myelography
8
Q
Placement of water-soluble contrast media into the intervertebral disc under fluoroscopic control
A
Discography
9
Q
Based on the re-emission of an absorbed radiofrequency while the patient is in a strong magnetic field. Signal is emitted by hydrogen nuclei
A
MRI
10
Q
This imaging technique produces a fat image in which structures containing fat (bone marrow, subcutaneous fat) appear bright
A
T1 Weighted image
11
Q
Produces a water image in which substances that contain predominantly free or loosely bound water molecules (neoplasms, edema, inflammation, healthy nucleus pulposus) appear bright whereas substances w/ tightly bound water (ligs, menisici, tendons) appear dark
A
T2 weighted image
12
Q
Disruption in the continuity of bone
A
Fracture
13
Q
Complete loss of continuity b/w opposing bones at a joint
A
Dislocation
14
Q
Partial loss of continuity b/w opposing bones at a joint
A
Subluxation
15
Q
Displacement of a bone in relation to opposing bones in a slightly or synarthrodial joint
A
Diastasis
16
Q
Most caused by forces acting at a point remote from a site of fracture
A
Indirect Force
17
Q
Type of fracture determined by magnitude of the force
A
Direct force
18
Q
Discontinuity between 2 or more fragments
A
Complete fracture
19
Q
Skin overlying fracture is intact
A
Closed fracture
20
Q
Skin overlying fracture is disrupted
A
Open fracture
21
Q
Results in partial discontinuity; portion of cortex remains intact
A
Incomplete Fracture
22
Q
Owing to compression forces the cortex bulges outward
A
Torus (Buckling) Fracture
23
Q
Occurs primarily in infants & children under 10yr; bone bends, applying tension to the convex side, producing a transverse fracture w/ the concave side remaining intact
A
Greenstick (Hickory stick) Fracture
24
Q
Fracture that has more than 2 fragments
A
Comminuted Fracture
25
Fracture that exhibit the tearing away of a portion of the bone by a forceful muscular or ligamentous pulling. Frequent sites are the tuberosities of tubular bones & the lower cervical spinous process
Avulsion Fracture
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Fracture occurs when a portion of bone is driven into its adjacent segment because of the compressive forces
Impaction Fracture
27
Type of fracture that is caused by repetitive stress, causing gradual formation of microfractures & eventually an interruption in the bone structure at a greater rate than ca be offset by the reparative process
Stress Fracture
28
A type of stress fracture that is caused by abnormal stress involving normal bone
Fatigue fracture
29
A type of stress fracture caused by normal stress involving abnormal bone
Insufficiency fracture
30
Fracture often associated w/ bone-softening disease such as Paget's rickets, osteomalacia
Pseudofracture
31
Type of fracture that gives clinical signs of its presence w/o any radiological evidence
Occult Fracture
32
Two most common locations for occult fractures
Scaphoid & ribs
33
This type of Fx orientation runs at a right angle to the long axis of a bone
Transverse Fx
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This type of fracture orientation runs approx. 45deg to the long axis of the bone; common in the shaft of a long tubular bone
Oblique Fx
35
Torsion, coupled w/ axial compression & angulation creates this type of Fx orientation
Spiral Fx
36
Medial angulation of a bone is AKA?
a Valgus configuration
37
Lateral angulation of a bone is AKA?
A Varus configuration
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This is concerned w/ closeness of the bony fragments in a fx
Apposition
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This type of Salter-Harris Fx is a fx through the growth plate; pure epiphyseal separation caused primarily by shearing forces
Type I
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Salter Harris Type I Fx occurs most commonly at what age?
Under 5
41
This type of Salter-Harris Fx is a fx through the growth plate & metaphysis; caused by shearing or avulsive + compressive forces
Type II (Most common)
42
Most common age & location for a Salter-Harris Type II Fx?
10-16; distal radius
43
Name of sign associated with a SH II fx?
Thurston-Holland sign AKA Corner sign (metaphyseal fragment)
44
What type of Salter Harris fx is through the growth plate & epiphysis?
Type III
45
What type of Salter Harris fx goes through the growth plate, metaphysis, & epiphysis?
Type IV
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What type of Salter-Harris fx is a compression fx through the growth plate
Type V
47
Most common age for a Salter-Harries Type III fx?
10-15
48
Most common site of Type III Salter-Harris?
Distal tibia
49
Type of force that cause Type III Salter-Harris?
Intra-articular shearing forces
50
Type of force that causes Type IV Salter-Harris?
Vertical splitting forces
51
Most common site of Salter-Harris Type IV?
Lateral humeral condyle before age 10; distal tibia after age 10
52
Type of force that causes a Salter Harris Type V?
Crushing or compression force
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Most common sites for a Salter-Harris Type V
distal femur, prox. & distal tibia
54
This is the plastic exudate & tissue that develops around the ends of, & ultimately unites, the fx fragments
Callus
55
Refers to a fracture that doesn't unite w/i a reasonable amount of time
Delayed Union (16-18 wks)
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Fracture that fails to unite
Nonunion
57
This is usually involves open fractures or fractures treated by surgical reduction; typically caused by Staph. aureus
Osteomyelitis
58
Severe & painful regional osteoporosis after rather trivial trauma
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome
59
This is due to ischemia of the muscles followed by fibrosis; most common following supracondylar fx of humerus
Volkmans Ischemic Contracture
60
Occasionally following trauma to soft tissues, an enlarging painful mass develops
Myositis Ossificans
61
Most common type of skull fracture
Linear fx
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Type of skull fx that typically results from impact by a small object; commonly found in frontal & parietal bones & most common in children
Depressed/Linear Fx
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Represents a variation of the depressed fracture & is seen most often in young children
Ping Pong Fx
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This fx is indicated by air/fluid levels in sphenoid sinus & pts complain of constantly swallowing something salty
Basilar fx
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Type of fx that represents a traumatic sutural separation, which is usually unilateral & seen most commonly in children
Diastatic Fx
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This is caused by a tear in the dura causing CSF to accumulate
Leptomeningeal Cyst
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Fx that results from a blow by a fist or a ball directly over the globe of the eye; assoc. w/ the Drop Sign
Orbital blowout Fx
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A fracture through the zygomatic arch, maxillary process, & the frontal process
Tripod fx
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Nasal fxs typically have what type of orientation?
Transverse
70
What do all types of LeFort fxs ultimately transect?
pterygoid process
71
Type I LeFort fx is AKA?
Floating Palate
72
This type of LeFort Fx is AKA Craniofacial Disassociation; it's a separation of the facial bones from the skull
Type III
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This type of LeFort fx is in the shape of a pyramid
Type II
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Type of fracture that is caused by repetitive stress, causing gradual formation of microfractures & eventually an interruption in the bone structure at a greater rate than ca be offset by the reparative process
Stress Fracture
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A type of stress fracture that is caused by abnormal stress involving normal bone
Fatigue fracture
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A type of stress fracture caused by normal stress involving abnormal bone
Insufficiency fracture
77
Two most common locations for occult fractures
Scaphoid & ribs
78
This type of Fx orientation runs at a right angle to the long axis of a bone
Transverse Fx
79
This type of fracture orientation runs approx. 45deg to the long axis of the bone; common in the shaft of a long tubular bone
Oblique Fx
80
Torsion, coupled w/ axial compression & angulation creates this type of Fx orientation
Spiral Fx
81
This is concerned w/ closeness of the bony fragments in a fx
Apposition
82
This is due to ischemia of the muscles followed by fibrosis; most common following supracondylar fx of humerus
Volkmans Ischemic Contracture
83
Occasionally following trauma to soft tissues, an enlarging painful mass develops
Myositis Ossificans
84
Type of skull fx that typically results from impact by a small object; commonly found in frontal & parietal bones & most common in children
Depressed/Linear Fx
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Represents a variation of the depressed fracture & is seen most often in young children
Ping Pong Fx
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This fx is indicated by air/fluid levels in sphenoid sinus & pts complain of constantly swallowing something salty
Basilar fx
87
Type of fx that represents a traumatic sutural separation, which is usually unilateral & seen most commonly in children
Diastatic Fx
88
This is caused by a tear in the dura causing CSF to accumulate
Leptomeningeal Cyst
89
Fx that results from a blow by a fist or a ball directly over the globe of the eye; assoc. w/ the Drop Sign
Orbital blowout Fx
90
Nasal fxs typically have what type of orientation?
Transverse
91
Most common fx of the atlas; usually a bilateral vertical fracture through the neural arch; occurs as a result of the posterior arch of the atlas being compressed b/w the occiput & the large posterior arch of the axis during severe hypertension; Stable
Poster arch fx of atlas
92
This fx is usually the result of MVA; bilateral fractures located just anterior the inferior facets of C2; Unstable
Hangman's Fx AKA Traumatic spondylolisthesis
93
Avulsion of a triangular-shaped fragment from the anterior inferior vertebral body margin caused by acute hyperextension; stable
Extension teardrop fx
94
Commonly missed fx; M/C occurs at C4-C7; caused mainly by compression forces; Horizontal Facet Sign; Unstable
Articular Pillar/Facet Fx
95
Comminuted fx involving both the posterior & anterior arches caused by a blow on the vertex transmitting forces through the occipital condyles; Overlap sign; stable
Jefferson Fx AKA Bursting Fx of the atlas
96
Nucleus pulposus implodes through the superior endplate of the vertebra causing a comminuted fx; usually unstable
Burst fx
97
Specific form of the burst fx caused by combination of flexion & compressive forces; avulsed teardrop fragment; Unstable
Flexion Teardrop Fx
98
Fx that occurs as a result of mechanical compression of the involved vertebra b/w the adjacent vertebral bodies from forced hyperflexion; Stable
Simple Wedge Fx AKA Compression Fx
99
Avulsion injury of the spinous process by sudden force (abrupt flexion) placed on the ; ligamentum nuchae; Stable; Double spinous process sign
Clay-Shoveler's Fx
100
Combination of distraction & flexion forces which causes a disruption of capsular & posterior ligaments; unstable
Hyperflexion Strain/Sprain AKA traumatic anterior subluxation
101
Severe hyperflexion & distraction injury that is M/C at C4-C7 primarily involving soft tissue; unstable
Bilateral Facet Dislocation
102
Impingement on the spinal cord occurs in isolated rupture of the transverse ligament with an intact odontoid process
Guillotine Effect
103
An avulsion fx of the tip of the odontoid process as a result of apical or alar ligament stress; usually forms an oblique fx line; stable
Type I Odontoid Process Fx (Anderson & d"Alonzo)
104
A fx at the junction of the odontoid process & the body of the axis. Often complicated by nonunion; unstable
Type II Odontoid Process fx
105
Oblique fx at the base of the odontoid process that extends into the body; disruption of the ring of the axis;stable
Type III Odontoid Process fx
106
Injury caused by a flexion-rotation force. Gives bow-tie or butterfly appearance on lateral view
Unilateral Facet dislocation
107
Theses fxs occur in the mid & lower C-spine, readily depicted on CT, usually secondary to hyperextension
Lamina Fx
108
Uncommon fx of C-spine, commonly caused by lateral flexion, common at C7, usually located at its junction with the pedicle
Transverse Process Fx
109
Unique condition of the upper cervical complex that is frequently undiagnosed & poorly understood; patient exhibits torticollis, head in "cock robin position"
Rotary Atlantoaxial Fixation
110
A deformity that represents the anteriorly displaced corner of the superior vertebral cortex; fragment of bone
Step Defect
111
Anterior depression of the vertebral body occurs in compression fx creating this deformity
Wedge deformity
112
A band of radiopacity may be seen just below the vertebral endplate that has been fx
Zone of impaction
113
Excessive amounts of small or large bowel gas in a slightly distended lumen indicates what?
Abdominal Ileus
114
A mechanical ileus is caused by what?
Bowel obstruction by an object
115
An adynamic ileus is caused by what?
Decreased peristalsis b/c of an innervation problem
116
A specific form of compression fx of the vertebral body whereina a posterosuperior fragment is displaced into the spinal canal
Lumbar Burst Fx
117
Second most common fx of the lumbar spine; Occur from avulsion of the paraspinal muscles, usually secondary to a severe hyperextension & lateral flexion blow to the lumbar spine
Transverse Process Fx
118
Horizontal splitting of the spine & neural arch, ending in an upward curve that usually reaches the upper surface of the body just in front of the neural foramen
Seat Belt AKA Chance Fx AKA Lap Belt Fx AKA Fulcrum Fx
119
Separation of the posterior vertebral body ring apophysis; usually has a Schmorl's Node assoc. w/ it
Posterior Apophyseal Ring Fx
120
An injury response peculiar to the clavicle is bone resorption of the distal segment, usually 1-3mm, & never more than 2-3cm
Post-traumatic Osteolysis
121
Compression fx from humerus being shoved into glenoid after ant. dislocation
Hill-Sachs deformity
122
Humeral head hits the pos. rim of glenoid during a pos. shoulder dislocation
Trough Sign
123
Similar to Hill-Sachs, just on inferior side of humeral head
Bankart's lesion
124
Rounded cystic appearance to humeral head, caused by internal rotation
Racquet Sign
125
Type of AC sprain where the AC lig. is stretched but not disrupted, & the coracoclavicular lig. is intact
Type I (Mild sprain)
126
Type of AC sprain where the AC lig. is torn & the coracoclavicular ligs. are stretched but intact
Type II (moderate sprain)
127
Type of AC sprain where the AC lig. & cora coclavicular ligs are completely disrupted
Type III (Severe sprain)
128
Fx of the iliac wing caused by a direct force from a lateral direction. Best seen on an oblique view
Duverney's Fx
129
An ipsilateral double vertical fx of the sup. pubic ramus & the ischiopubic ramus, w/ fx or dislocation of the SI joint
Malgaigne's Fx
130
Fx through the sup. pubic ramus & ischiopubic junction on the side opposite the oblique for of impact to the pelvis
Bucket-Handle Fx
131
M/C type of unstable fx of the pelvis. Double vertical fx that involves both superior pubic rami & ischiopubic junctions bilaterally
Straddle Fx
132
Complete separation of the symphysis pubis & one or both of the SI joints
Sprung Pelvis AKA Open Book fx
133
Type of acetabular fx that ususally occurs after a blow to the knee while the leg is in flexion & adduction
Posterior Rim Fx (Dashboard Fx)
134
Type of acetabular fx that divides the innominate bone into sup. & inf. halves. M/C type of acetabular fx
Central Acetabular Fx ( Explosion Fx)
135
A curvilinear line is constructed along the under-surface of the femoral neck & is continued across the joint to the inf. margin of the sup. pubic ramus
Shenton's Line
136
A line is drawn through & parallel to the axis of the femoral shaft. A second line is constructed at right angles to the shaft line & tangential to the tip of the greater trochanter. The relationship of the fovea capitis to this trochanteric line is assessed.
Skinner's Line
137
Two lines are drawn through & parallel to the mid-axis of the femoral shaft & femoral neck. Determines coxa cera/coxa valgus
Femoral Angle Line
138
Results from the impact of the femoral condyles being forced into the weaker tibial plateau.
Tibial Plateau Fx AKA Fender or Bumper Fx
