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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.

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2
Q

Ethnology

A

a branch of anthropology that analyzes cultures, especially in regard to their historical development and the similarities and dissimilarities between them.

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3
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

the study of human speech and language, including the origins of language in general

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4
Q

Ecological Anthropology

A

the study of culture adaptations to environment

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5
Q

Economic Anthropology

A

attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope

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6
Q

Medical Anthropology

A

views humans from a multidimensional and ecological perspective

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7
Q

Historic archaeology

A

he study of the material remains of past societies that also left behind some other form of historical evidence

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8
Q

Prehistoric archaeology

A

he archaeological remains of cultures that are primarily pre-urban

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9
Q

paleoanthropology

A

the study of the origins and predecessors of the present human species, using fossils and other remains.

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10
Q

paleoprimatology

A

study of ancient primates

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11
Q

primatology

A

study of primates

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12
Q

osteology

A

the study of skeletal material, particularly skeletal remains found on archaeological sites

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13
Q

forensic anthropology

A

applied anthropology approach dealing with legal matters

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14
Q

paleopathology

A

branch of osteology that studies the evidence of disease and injury in human skeletons

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15
Q

scientific method

A

an approach to research whereby a problem is identified, a hypothesis is stated and tested

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16
Q

Linneaus

A

Systema Naturae 1735- established system of bionial nomenclature and established taxonomy

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17
Q

fixity of species

A

the notion that species, once created, can never change

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18
Q

Lamarck

A

his theory that if the external environment changed, an animals activity would also change to accommodate the new circumstance (ex: giraffe stretching neck)

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19
Q

inheritance of acquired characters

A

theory that a trait acquired by an animal during its life time can be passed on to offspring (false)

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20
Q

Cuvier (catastrophism)

A

the view that the earths geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events

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21
Q

Lyell

A

founder of modern geology and wrote Principles of Geology and created the theory of uniformitarianism

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22
Q

uniformitarianism

A

theory that the earths features are a result of long term processes that continue to operate in the present just as they did in the past

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23
Q

Anning

A

paleotologist who discovered Ichthyosaurus and Pleiosaurus

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24
Q

palentologist

A

the science of the forms of life existing in former geologic periods, as represented by their fossils.

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25
Darwin
1809-1882. went on trip to Galapagos Islands and discovered natural selection through natural selection. Published On the Origin of Species
26
natural selection
animals with undesirable traits would be selected against
27
Malthus
theory that population is limited by the amount of food and water
28
Wallace
"differential reproductive success" Published On the Tendency of Varities to Depart Indefinately from the Original Type. Species developed through competition
29
polypeptide chain
A chain of amino acids joined together through peptide bonds.
30
gene
sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, a portion or any functional product
31
genome
entire genetic makeup of an individual or species
32
mutation
a change in DNA
33
transfer RNA (tRNA)
type of RNA that bonds to specific amino acids and transports them to ribosome during protein synthesis
34
codons
triples of mRNA bases that code for specific amino acids during protein synthesis
35
mRNA
form of RNA that's assembled on a sequence of DNA bases. Then carries DNA code to ribosome during protein synthesis
36
amino acids
small molecules that are components of protein
37
hormones
substances that are produced by specialized cells and that travel to other parts of the body where they influence chemical reactions
38
hemoglobin
protein molecule that occurs in red blood cells and binds to oxygen molecules
39
complementary
refers to the fact DNA bases form pairs in a precise manner (A-T) (C-G)
40
enzymes
specialized proteins that initiate and direct chemical reactions in body
41
nucleotide
basic units of the DNA molecule (sugar, phosphate and base)
42
zygote
a cell formed by the union of sperm and egg
43
gametes
reproductive cells
44
somatic cells
all cells except sex cells
45
ribosomes
structure composed of RNA and protein
46
mitochondria
converts energy to a form that can be used by the cell
47
protein synthesis
the assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules
48
RNA
single stranded molecule similar structure to DNA
49
DNA
double stranded molecule that contains genetic code
50
nucleus
organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that contains DNA and RNA
51
proteins
three dimensional molecules that serve a wde variety of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules
52
polymerase chain reaction
a method of producing thousands of copies of a DNA sample
53
noncoding DNA
DNA that does not direct the production of proteins. However, such DNA segments produce thousands of molecules that are involved in gene regulation
54
exons
segments of genes that are transcribed and are involved in protein synthesis
55
introns
Non-coding, intervening sequences of dna that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger rna. most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain this, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes.
56
homeobox genes
ancient family of genes that directs embryonic development and are involved in physiological process throughout life
57
sickle-cell anemia
severe inherited hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse when deprived of oxygen. It results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele
58
point mutation
a change in one of the four DNA bases
59
chromosomes
discrete structures composed of DNA and proteins found only in the nuclei of cells
60
autosomes
all chromosomes except sex cells
61
sex chromosomes
X and Y
62
locus
the position or location on a chromosome where a given gene occurs
63
allele
One member of a pair (or any of the series) of genes occupying a specific spot on a chromosome (called locus) that controls the same trait.
64
karyotype
chromosomes of an individual or what is typical of a species viewed microscopically and displayed in a photograph
65
mitosis
The process where a single cell divides resulting in generally two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell.
66
meiosis
production of four haploid gametes (sex cells), each containing one of every pair of homologous chromosomes (that is, with the maternal and paternal chromosomes being distributed randomly between the cells).
67
recombination
exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis
68
random assortment
the chance of distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meisos
69
ontogeny
a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
70
diploid
A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father. In a diploid state the haploid number is doubled, thus, this condition is also known as 2n.
71
haploid
) A cell or an organism having half of the number of chromosomes in somatic cells.
72
homozygous
Of, or pertaining to an individual (or a condition in a cell or an organism) containing two copies of the same allele for a particular trait located at similar positions (loci) on paired chromosomes (see homologous chromosomes).
73
heterozygous
Of, or pertaining to an individual (or a condition in a cell or an organism) containing two different alleles for a particular trait.
74
dominant allele
(Of, or pertaining to) An allele or a gene that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype, masking the effect of the recessive allele or gene when present.
75
recessive allele
A recessive Allele results in expression of the recessive characteristic if there is no dominant allele present. Trait in organism wont appear in the presence of a dominant allele.
76
codominance
the expression of two alleles in heterozygotes. In this situation neither allele is dominant or recessive so they both influence the phenotype
77
polygenic
traits influenced by genes at two or more loci (skin color, eye color, hair color)
78
gene pool
all genes shared by the reproductive members of a population
79
gene flow
exchange of genes through the population
80
genetic drift
evolutionary changes, or changes in allele frequencies, produced by random factors in small populations
81
founder's affect
a type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from larger populations or are remnants of the latter
82
balanced polymorphism
the maintanence of two or more alleles in a population due to the selective advantage of the heterozygote
83
Bergmann's Rule
there is a relationship between BODY mass and temperature (population)
84
Allen's Rule
colder environments will have shorter APPENDAGES

Human Origins (5 decks)

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