Test 1: 13 canine female dog

Question 1

puberty in female dog

Answer 1

6-24 months- breed specific

Question 2

cycle length of female dog

Answer 2

12 months average

Question 3

proestrus in dogs

Answer 3

9 days
2-25 days
Follicular stage:
early proestrus: estradiol rising
end proestrus: estradiol peaks
progesterone and LH are low

Question 4

during proestrus — and — are low

Answer 4

progesterone and LH

lasts 9 days- estradiol rising then peaks at end

Question 5

behavior of female during proestrus

Answer 5

Behavior:
* Male begins to become attracted
* She will not accept mating, tucking tail, sitting, and turning to fend

Question 6

clinical signs of proestrus in female dog

Answer 6

• Vulva is swollen, edematous, and firm
• Bloody vaginal discharge
• These are the typical first signs of ”heat”

9 days in dog

Question 7

vaginal wall during proestrus in dogs will look

Answer 7

Vaginal Wall:
* Changes due to E2
* Mucosa light pink, shiny, edematous
* Vaginal epithelium proliferates (wall thickens)
* Diapedesis of erythrocytes

Vaginal Cytology:
* Mixed cells – Intermediate and Superficial
* Progressing to more superficial (cornified) as approach estrus
* Large numbers RBC’s
* Bacteria are normal (normal flora)
* WBC’s – variable, decreasing over time

Question 8

length of estrus in bitch

Answer 8

9 days

Question 9

hormone levels during estrus in bitch

Answer 9

• Estradiol decreases
• Progesterone rises prior to forming CL (preovulatory follicles)
• LH surge (progesterone 2ng/mL) → ovulation
• Primary oocyte released 2 days after LH surge
• Oocyte needs additional 2 days to mature (complete meiosis) to allow fertilization

Question 10

when should bitch be bred

Answer 10

4-6 days after initial LH surge
- oocyte released 2 days post LH surge and takes another 2 days to mature before fertilization can take place

Question 11

behavior of bitch during estrus

Answer 11

Bitch will wink,
lean, flag and stand to be
bred

Question 12

clinical signs of bitch in estrus

Answer 12

• Vulva edematous and firm
  but begins to soften
• Vaginal discharge becomes
  more serosanguinous (trend,
  not a rule)

Question 13

cytology of vagina during estrus will show

Answer 13

no WBC
* very thick, drier, wrinked, pale to white vaginal wall

Question 14

ovulation in bitch occurs when

Answer 14

LH surge
2ng/mL

Question 15

diestrus in a bitch lasts

Answer 15

55-60 days if preg
45-90 days if not preg

Question 16

hormones during diestrus

Answer 16

progesterone (peak at 3 weeks)
* prolactin
* ovulation occurs 5-7 days before 1st day of diestrus

Question 17

whelping in dogs occurs

Answer 17

57 +/- 1 day from onset of diestrus day 1

Question 18

diestrus ends when in bitches

Answer 18

Progesterone drops below 2 ng/mL

• 50-60 days if pregnant
• 45-90 days if not pregnant

Question 19

ovulation in bitches occur

Answer 19

5-7 days before 1st day of diestrus
* 2 days after LH surge

Question 20

anestrus in dogs lasts

Answer 20

lasts 4.5 months
endometrial repair takes 120-150 days

Question 21

endometrial repair in bitch takes

Answer 21

120-150 days

Question 22

pregnancy recognition in a bitch

Answer 22

• there is no signal
• It is not needed as the bitch will go through the same long diestrus period regardless of pregnancy status
• No known luteolytic PGF-2α from uterus in non-pregnant bitch

Question 23

which infectious disease test should always be done on a bitch

Answer 23

brucellosis

Question 24

when to culture vagina in bitch

Answer 24

only if clinical disease, otherwise not very helpful

Question 25

when to test for brucellosis in dogs

Answer 25

bitch- prior to every breeding male- prior to every breeding or every 3-6 months

Question 26

test for brucellosis in dogs

Answer 26

rapid slide (card) agglutination test (RSAT) - low incidence of flase negative

Question 27

how to do ovulation timing in bitch

Answer 27

* step 1: ID vulvar discharge/swelling- Day 1 of proestrus * Start 3-4 days after proestrus starts or when vaginal cornification (superficial cells) is 60-75% to perform diagnostic bloodwork- progesterone over 2 ng/ml, can test LH but expensive * ID first day of standing estrus

Question 28

when will bitch ovulate

Answer 28

* 2 day post LH peak, when progesterone over 2ng/ml- (2N diplotene stage of prophase I) * oocytes take 2 days to mature

Question 29

The bitch may ovulate anywhere from --- after the onset of standing heat or estrus

Answer 29

2 days before to 6 days * not percise

Question 30

Ovulation occurs --- prior to the first day of cytologic diestrus

Answer 30

5-7 days

Question 31

Whelping date is then 57 days +/- 1 day from first day of ---

Answer 31

diestrus

Question 32

Bitches should be bred 4 and 6 days after the --- with semen of excellent quality and appropriate quantity for optimal results

Answer 32

LH peak * when progesterone > 2= LH peak * when progesterone > 10 = ovulation

Question 33

what is the 2:2:2:2 rule in dogs

Answer 33

* When the progesterone is “2” ng/mL (1.7-2.9ng/mL) this is the day of the LH surge * She will ovulate “2” days later * She should be bred “2” days after ovulation and again in “2” days

Question 34

dog embryo enters the uterus at day

Answer 34

8 implantation at day 16

Question 35

Whelping date = 63 +/- 1 day from ---

Answer 35

ovulation

Question 36

Due to variability of estrus in the bitch and the longevity of sperm in the uterus, whelping date from a single breeding (if ovulation date not known) can range from

Answer 36

58 (bred late) to 71 days (bred early)

Question 37

Bitch gestation length from LH peak from ovulation from breeding date from onset of diestrus

Answer 37

* 65 days from LH peak * 63 days post ovulation * 61-63 days post breeding date (55-70) * 57 +/-1 day from onset of diestrus

Question 38

type of dog placentation

Answer 38

endotheliochorial 4-5 layers zonary band marginal hematomas (green pigment)

Question 39

pregnancy is maintained by

Answer 39

CL making progesterone > 2ng/ml for the entire pregnancy * will occur even if not pregnant

Question 40

what happens to temp in dog prior to birth

Answer 40

will drop with drop in progesterone 12-24 hrs prior

Question 41

what happens to prolactin levels during pregnancy

Answer 41

Concentration inversely related to progesterone * keeps CL going * may start lactating a few days early

Question 42

relaxin is made by the

Answer 42

placenta

Question 43

when can you xray to confirm pregnancy in bitch

Answer 43

50 days

Question 44

how to predict birth in bitch

Answer 44

* Decreased appetite * Body temperature drop by 1-2 degrees (~98 degrees), usually 12-24 hours prior * Presence of colostrum – 1-7 days prior (unreliable) * Nesting behavior 12-24 hours prior * Restless, panting, anxiousness- NOT accurate for timing of labor

Question 45

stage 1 parturition in dog

Answer 45

lasts 6-12 hrs * increased estradiols and prostaglandins, decreased progesterone * increased oxytocin receptor sites * small uterine contractions * restless, panting, vomit

Question 46

stage 2 in parturition in dog

Answer 46

lasts 6-12 hrs * abdomonial contractions * 60% face first * pup every 30-60 mins

Question 47

stage 3 parturition in bitch

Answer 47

5 to 15 mins after each pup * bitch may eat them

Question 48

uterine involution of a bitch

Answer 48

60 days for size 120-150 days for histological

Question 49

a puppy needs the mother to stimulate

Answer 49

urination and defecation

Question 50

what can cause pseudopregnancy in bitch

Answer 50

caused by decline in progesterone- rise in prolactin * Do not: allow self nursing, massage, stripping milk, drugs * spaying which in diestrus

Question 51

how to treat pseudopregnancy

Answer 51

not treating is the best * mibolerone * dopamine agonist * **ACE will have opposite effect**

Question 52

Can pseudopregnancy lead to increased risk of pyometra

Answer 52

NO There is no predisposition to pyometra resulting from overt false pregnancy

Question 53

when to intervene during whelping

Answer 53

* green discharge before 1st pup- emergency * 30 mins of strong contractions with no pup * 2-3 hrs of weak contraction and no pup * more than 4 hrs between pups * obvious problems

Question 54

fetal HR of pup

Answer 54

↑ 180 normal 160-180 stressed ↓ 160 very stressed