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Fall 23: repro > Test 1: Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Test 1: Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

function of oviducts

A
  • Transport ovulated oocytes and spermatozoa to site of fertilization
  • Transport embryo to uterus
  • Mucosa produces substances to make survivable environment for gametes
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2
Q

parts of the oviduct

A
  • infundibulum (captures oocyte)
  • ampulla (site of fertilization)
  • isthmus (connected to uterus at uterotubal junction)
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3
Q

Theca interna produces — in response to —

A

androgens
LH

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4
Q

Granulosa cell layer produces — and inhibin in response to —

A

estrogen
FSH

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5
Q

After ovulation, a corpus hemorrhagicum is formed which organizes into a —

A

corpus luteum (CL)

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6
Q

Corpus luteum produce —

A

progesterone

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7
Q

A CL forms a — after it degenerates

A

corpus albicans

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8
Q

mullerian duct become

A

female repro- uterus, vagina, ovary

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9
Q

kidneys in embryo start as

A

mesonephros

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10
Q

what makes male in embryo

A

SRY protein on Y chromosome

  • activates male genes and represses female genes
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11
Q

Testes form , testes produce —, paramesonephric ducts degenerate and — become male tubular system

A

AMH and testosterone

mesonephric ducts

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12
Q

epithelium become the —

A

granulosa cells

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13
Q

the meschencyme become the —

A

theca cells

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14
Q

the endothelium become germ cells that become

A

oocytes

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15
Q

what causes freemartin

A

male and female twins, AMH from male causes shrinking/messed up female repro tract

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16
Q

how does female brain development work

A

Estradiol/estrogen from fetal ovary can NOT get into the brain → surge center develops → female brain

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17
Q

how does male brain development work

A

Testosterone from fetal testis crosses the BBB and is converted into estradiol → blocks the formation of the surge center

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18
Q

GnRH is made by

A

neurons in the hypothalamus that work on the anterior pituitary to make FSH and LH

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19
Q

Follicular cells produce

A

estrogen

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20
Q

Luteinization is the change from — to —

A

follicular cells (estrogen) to Luteal cells (progesterone)

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21
Q

oxytocin is made in the — and stimulates

A

posterior pituitary
milk let down and uterus constriction

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22
Q

when an animal is in — she will produce estrogen

A

estrus/heat

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23
Q

estrogen will do what

A
  • Increases myometrial contractility
  • induces cervical and vulvar relaxation
  • increases uterine defense
  • slows transport of fertilized oocyte to through the oviduct (estrogen here is produced by the embryo)
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24
Q

progesterone is made by

A

CL and placenta

  • made during pregnancy/diestrus
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25
progesterone will do what
* block estrogen * Depresses myometrial activity * Induces growth endometrial glands and secretions * Induces cervical closure * Decreases uterus defenses- dont want uterus attacking embryo if pregnant
26
how does testosterone form
LH from anterior pituitary will ↑ the formation of steroids from cholesterol → progesterone → androstenedione →testosterone
27
androgens can be --- to become estrogen
armozatized
28
how os estrogen made
* Theca cells take cholesterol and produce androgens with the help of LH * androgens diffuse to the granulosa cells to aromatize into estrogens, FSH induces this activity enchancing estrogen production
29
inhibin is made by
granulosa cells
30
how does inhibin work
negative feed back loop * made by **granulosa cells** in the large follicle, will tell hypothalamus to stop making GnRH which in turn will **decrease FSH production**
31
how to measure if mare can still be breed (ovarian quiescence)
AMH levels * made by granulosa cells during follicle growth * can estimate the pool of follicles available
32
--- is made by granulosa cells during follicle growth
AMH
33
HCG has the effect of --- in a mare and can be used to cause
LH ovulation
34
--- is produced by equine embryo at 37 days
ECG/PMSG * equine chorionic gonadotropin/pregnant mare serum gonadotropin * placental hormone
35
ECG will do what
luteinization/ovulation of secondary follicles * will support the pregnancy while placenta is forming- makes more CL = ↑ progesterone = stays pregnant ## Footnote ECG/PMSG is made by mare embryo at 37 days
36
in cow CL will release --- when close to parturition
relaxin- will relax cervix and pelvis
37
prostaglandin (PGF2⍺) will do what
made by uterus or ovary depending on species * will contract uterus * will ↓ blood flow to CL * will ↓ LH receptors on CL * will inhibit P4 synthesis * which leads to apoptosis of the CL ## Footnote different for species- not dogs, have CL all pregnancy Pigs- combo oxytocin and PGF2⍺
38
what does PGE do?
made by embryo * will relax the cervix * contract the oviduct * releases the embyro
39
--- can be used to treat blocked oviducts, form of abortion med
misoprostol- form of PGE * made by embryo- relax cervix, contracts oviduct and releases embryo
40
Prior to puberty, follicles have been leaving the primordial pool grow to ---
small antral and die
41
At puberty pituitary begins to release --- and stimulates this follicles to keep growing when leaving the pool to become antral
LH and FSH
42
During puberty. Follicles start to produce ---: expression of secondary sexual characteristics, enlargement and maturation of tubular genital organs and --- behavior
estrogen estrus
43
what happens during proestrus
* Progesterone decreasing after luteolysis, estrogen increasing * 2-5 days depending on species * Antral follicles are growing * Reproductive tract is preparing for mating
44
LH will work on --- to convert cholesterol into ---
theca interna testosterone in granulosa cells
45
--- secretion from the follicle peaks during the estrous cycle
estradiol
46
--- is high in estrus and --- is low
estrogen/estradiol progesterone
47
what happens during metestrus
progesterone increases as CL is forming, estradiol is falling * 2-5 days for adequate amount of progesterone
48
steps of estrous cycle
proestrus estrus metestrus diestrus anestrus
49
diestrus ends with
luteolysis
50
--- is high during diestrus
progesterone ↑↑
51
high progesterone will --- uterine tone except in mares where it will ---
decrease increase
52
what will progesterone do
* Inhibits reproductive behavior * Reduces uterine tone (except mare where increases it) * Decreased resistance of uterus to infection * Preparation of uterine environment * Stimulates mammary glands * CL functional ## Footnote progesterone very high during diestrus- and ends with luteolysis
53
what can cause anestrus
normal- lactation, seasons pathologic- stress, illness, poor nutrition
54
which one is FSH and LH
55
what are the blue lines
estrogen and PGF2⍺
56
what is the red line
progesterone
57
A antral/terciary follicle will have --- estradiol, inhibin, LH and FSH
↑ estradiol, inhibin, LH ↓FSH
58
primoridial follicles are kept in what stage
prophase of meiosis I
59
when is LH surge
during formation of antral follicle, builds until ovulation and causes formation of corpus luteum
60
4 jobs of LH
* **expansion of the cumulous**- egg is detached from follicle to prepare for ovulation * formation of the **stigma/hole** with help of PGE2 and PGF2⍺ * **resumes meiosis**- metaphase II for fertilization * Luteization of the follicle into corpus luteum- **estrogen →progesterone**
61
--- works with LH to weaken the follicular wall to allow for ovulation
prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2alpha in particular) * Prostaglandins release lysosomal enzymes and weakens follicular wall
62
follicular phase of estrous cycle has --- as the main hormone --- as the structure ends with ---
estradiol follicles (antral), no CL ovulation
63
the stages of the follicular phase of the estrous cycle are
proestrus and estrus * when there is no CL and antral follicle making ↑ estrogen * receptive to males and repro tract changes
64
luteal phase of the estrous cycle is when --- is the primary structure --- is the primary hormone stages are --- and ends with ---
CL progesterone metestrus and diestrus Luteolysis
65
which animals have which stages of the estrous cycle
66
how does seasonal breeders work
67
↑ RFRP-3 in horses →---kiss-10 → ---GnRH → --- FSH and LH
↑ = cyclicity
68
↑ RFRP-3 in sheep →---kiss-10 → ---GnRH → --- FSH and LH
low= no cycles short day breeders (in winter) opposite of horses
69
--- are induced ovulators
cats and alpacas/llamas * Require copulatory stimulation to ovulate – nerves to surge center to cause GnRH surge then LH surge
70
how does ruminant know its pregnant
blastocyst produces interferon tau * inhibits oxytocin and prevents luteinization
71
how does pig know it is pregnant
2 or more blastocysts makes estradiol
72
how does mare know it is pregnant
??? travel through uterus

Fall 23: repro (21 decks)

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