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Anatomy > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Toward the front

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2
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward the back

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3
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

Toward the head

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4
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Toward the tail

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5
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of origin (generally the trunk)

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6
Q

Distal

A

Farther away from the point of origin (generally the trunk)

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7
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the outer side of

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8
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface

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9
Q

Deep

A

Farther below the surface

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10
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Divides the body into left and right

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11
Q

Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)

A

Divides the body into posterior and anterior (front and back)

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12
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides something through the middle giving it a head (upper) and tails (bottom)

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13
Q

Posterior (dorsal) Body Cavities

A

Cranial Cavity
Vertebral or spinal cavity

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14
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Located within the skull and protects the brain

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15
Q

Vertebral or Spinal Cavity

A

Found within vertebral column and protects the spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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16
Q

Anterior (ventral) Body Cavity

A

Thoracic Cavity (which includes)
-Pleural Cavities
-Mediastinum
-Pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity (which includes)
-Abdominal cavity
-Pelvic cavity

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17
Q

Pleural cavities

A

surround a lung each, located within serous membrane

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18
Q

Mediastinum

A

houses heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, not located within a serous membrane

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19
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

surrounds the heart, located within a serous membrane

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20
Q

What are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity separated by ?

A

diaphragm

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21
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

diaphragm to the pelvis

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22
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

area within the bony pelvis

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23
Q

some serous membrane includes

A

This includes pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

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24
Q

Serous membrane

A

produces serous fluid which is used to reduce friction against organs

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25
Q

Visceral layer

A

layer covering organ

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26
Q

parietal

A

layer covering surround structures

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27
Q

X-ray

A

Uses ionizing radiation to make an image of internal body structures

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28
Q

CT (computerized tomography) scan

A

Uses ionizing radiation but images are fed into a computer to produce a 3 dimensional image

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29
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance image):

A

Constructed by placing the body in a magnetic field. 3D image generated by computer

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30
Q

Lymphatic System

A

-Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
-Provides immunity (protection against disease)

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31
Q

Organs involved in Lymphatic System

A

-Tonsils
-Lymph nodes
-Thymus
-Spleen
-Lymphatic vessels

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32
Q

Respiratory System

A

-Delivers oxygen to the blood
-Removes carbon dioxide from the body
-Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood

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33
Q

Organs involved in the Respiratory System

A

-Nasal cavity
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Lungs

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34
Q

Digestive System

A

-Digests food
-Absorbs nutrients into the blood
-Removes food waste
-Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance

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35
Q

What organs are involved in the digestive system?

A

-Mouth
-Salivary glands
-Esophagus
-Liver
-Stomach
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas
-Large intestine
-Small intestine

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36
Q

Integumentary system

A

-Protects the body from the external environment
-Produces vitamin D
-Retains water
-Regulates body temperature

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37
Q

What organs are involved in the integumentary system?

A

-Hair
-Skin
-Nails

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38
Q

Urinary System

A

-Removes metabolic wastes from the blood
-Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance
-Stimulates blood cell production

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39
Q

What organs are involved in the Urinary System?

A

-Kidneys
-Uresters
-Urinary Bladder
-Urethra

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40
Q

Reproductive System

A

male and female
-Produces and transports sperm
-Secretes hormones
-sexual function
female only
-Site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation

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41
Q

Organs involved in the reproductive system

A

male =
Prostate gland
Ductus deferens
Testis
Penis
Female=
Mammary glands
Uterine tube
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina

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42
Q

Nervous System

A

-Regulates body functions
-Provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses

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43
Q

Organs involved in nervous system

A

-Brain
-Spinal cord
-Nerves

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44
Q

Endocrine System

A

-Regulates body functions
-Regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones

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45
Q

Organs involved in the Endocrine System

A

-Pineal gland
-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary gland
-Thyroid gland
-Thymus gland
-Adrenal glands
-Pancreas
-Ovaries (female)
-Testes (male)

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46
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

-Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
-Removes wastes from the tissues
-Transports cell, nutrients, and other substances

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47
Q

Organs involved in the cardiovascular system

A

-Blood Vessels
-Heart

48
Q

Core Principles

A

Structure-Function
Cell-cell communication
Gradients

49
Q

Structure-Function

A

Form follows function (ex thin lung tissue for gas exchange)

50
Q

Cell-cell communication

A

Cells communicate to maintain homeostasis

51
Q

Gradients

A

Gradients drive many physiological processes

52
Q

Temperature gradient

A

Heat is concentrated higher on the source and then it becomes cooler the more it moves away from the source

53
Q

Concentration gradient

A

think of a pill in water
the dissolving pill is more concentrated in the area around in the pill and decreases away from it, which then shows a concentration gradient

54
Q

Pressure gradient

A

The higher air pressure inside the compressed syringe and the lower air pressure outside show a pressure gradient

55
Q

Suspension

A

A liquid mixed with a solid (ex. red blood cells in blood)

56
Q

Colloid

A

Opaque, particles are not visible with the naked eye, particles remain dispersed and do not settle out

57
Q

Solution

A

Extremely small particles that are not visible and do not settle out. One component dissolves in another

58
Q

Concentration

A

Solute present in a solution

59
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Electrons are transferred between a metal and a nonmetal

60
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Sharing electrons between two or more nonmetals. Far greater stability in sharing electrons than transferring

61
Q

Polar covalent

A

A difference in electronegativities results in partial charges and polarity
NOT SHARED EQUALLY

62
Q

Nonpolar covalent

A

Identical or nearly identical electronegativities sharing electrons equally. Can also be nonpolar due to arrangement

63
Q

Isotope

A

Same atomic number but different mass number due to the gain or loss in neutrons

64
Q

Radioactivity

A

Unstable isotopes (radioisotopes) release energy in the form of radiation

65
Q

Medical application of radioisotopes

A

radioisotopes form the basis for nuclear medicine, radioactive treatment, and are used in x-rays

66
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Decomposition reaction
AB –> A + B

67
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Synthesis reaction - reactions that create new chemical bonds
A + B –> AB

68
Q

Enzymes

A

-Biological catalyst
-Almost always proteins
-Speeds up reaction by lowering activation energy

69
Q

Enzyme-substrate interaction

A

induced fit model
1. the substrates approach the enzyme
2. When the substrates bind the enzyme, both the substrates and the enzyme change shape
3. the substrates enter the transition state and are converted into products
4. The product and enzyme dissociate, and the enzyme returns to its original shape

70
Q

Salts

A

Any metal cation and nonmetal anion held together by ionic bonds

71
Q

Electrolytes

A

Ionic compounds dissolve when placed in water resulting in electrolytes (cations and anions)

72
Q

Monomer

A

Single subunits, the building blocks for nearly all organic compounds

73
Q

Polymer

A

Monomers linked together
-Polymers are built by an anabolic reaction called dehydration synthesis. Two monomers are linked by a covalent bond and water is a product.

74
Q

Hydrolysis

A

It adds a water molecule to the polymer breaking the covalent bond between the monomers

75
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbo-carbon
Hydrate-hydrogen
1C:2H:1O FORMULA
Main function- fuel
Monomer- monosaccharide
Most prevalent monosaccharide- glucose
Most prevalent disaccharides (two monosaccharides) - sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharide: long, branching chains of monosaccharides covalently bonded by dehydration synthesis
Starch: How plants store their glucose
Glycogen: How animals store their glucose, found in liver and skeletal muscles

76
Q

Lipids

A

They are hydrophobic due to non polar
Fatty acid- carboxylic acid bound to hydrocarbon chain
Saturated fatty acid- no double bonds
Monounsaturated fatty acid- 1 carbon-carbon double bond
Polyunsaturated fatty acid- 2 or more carbon-carbon double bond
Triglyceride- 3 fatty acids with a glycerol backbone
Primary function of triglycerides- insulate organs and regulate body temperature
Phospholipids- two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol backbone, they have a hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail
The function of a phospholipid is that they make up cell membranes, main divider between cell and extracellular environment

77
Q

Proteins

A

Monomer- amino acid
Polymer- peptide (2 or more amino acids)
Amino acids are all made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen
peptide bond- a bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of a second amino acid

78
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Amino acid sequence of the polypeptide

79
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Folding one or more segments of the polypeptide over itself. Alpha helices and beta sheets and is stabilized by H bonds

80
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

R group interactions determine the final three dimensional shape the protein assumes

80
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Proteins consisting of more than one polypeptide chain

80
Q

Denaturation

A

Destroying a protein’s shape (heat, pH, chemicals)

80
Q

transport- Facilitated diffusion

A

The passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of a transport molecule or channel protein

80
Q

transport- simple diffusion

A

a form of diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins

81
Q

Nucleotide contains

A

Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

81
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of solvent from a solution of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

82
Q

Active transport

A

-requires energy
-against concentration gradient
-Uses pumps

83
Q

Uniporter

A

think of a channel that only moves down

84
Q

Synporter

A

Think of a channel with two flows that move down

85
Q

Antiporter

A

One thing flows in and the other flows out

86
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

-uses ATP
steps:
3 Na+ bind
ATP adds P
3 Na+ out
2 K+ bind
P leaves
2 K+ in
OVERALL
3 Na+ out
2 K+ in
this goes against concentration gradient

87
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Uses the energy stored in gradients to move other substances against their own gradients

88
Q

Electric potential

A

-80 mv
Just inside/outside charges
+ outside
- inside

89
Q

Phagocytosis

A

-Recognition and ingestion of particles into a plasma membrane derived vesicle, known as phagosome

This involves receptor, bacterium, pseudopods, phagosome + Lysosome

steps:
1- A particle such as a bacterium binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane
2. Pseudopods extended and surround the bacterium
3. Pseudopods merge, pinching off to form a vesicle called a phagosome
4. The phagosome fuses with a lysosome and the bacterium is digested

90
Q

Pinocytosis/ receptor mediated endocytosis

A

steps:
1- Membrane of coated pit folds inward OR ligands bind to receptors in pit and membrane folds inward
2. Transport vesicle forms and pinches off in the cytosol
3. Transport vesicle loses protein coat and fuses with endosome
4. Once inside the endosome, the ingested products are
a- returned to the plasma membrane
b-sent to a lysosome or
c-may exit out of the opposite side of the cell

Ends with
-plasma membrane
-lysosome
-opposite side of cell
-transcytosis

91
Q

Exocytosis

A
  1. Exocytic transport vesicle reaches the plasma membrane
  2. Transport vesicle binds with the plasma membrane
    3.The phospholipid bilayers of the transport vesicle and the plasma membrane fuse
  3. Transport vesicle contents are released into ECF

Basically–
Vesicle binds and ejects contents out

92
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

structure of a phospholipid molecule- it has a polar hydrophilic head and a nonpolar hydrophobic tail
1- schematic structure of a phospholipid molecule
2- A monolayer forms when phospholipids are added to water
3- Phospholipids rearrange into a bilayer with another layer of water is added /

93
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Mosaic- the proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Fluid- show how things cross and its permeability
Glycoproteins-cell recognition
Cholesterol-Lipid that freely passes through bilayer and stabilizes it

94
Q

Membrane proteins include

A

integral proteins-span the width of the layer
Peripheral proteins-only found on one side

95
Q

Channels

A

Membrane proteins act as channels through which substances pass to enter or exit the cell
They are passive

96
Q

Carriers

A

Membrane proteins bind and transport substances into or out of the cell
They are active

97
Q

Hypotonic

A

There is less solute so the cell would swell

98
Q

Hypertonic

A

There is more solute so the cell would shrink

99
Q

Non membrane bound organelle

A

Ribosomes

100
Q

Membrane bound organelles

A

Mitochondria
nucleus
ER
Golgi Ap
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

101
Q

Mitochondria

A

Synthesizes the majority of the cell’s ATP
structure includes:
double membrane; inner membrane folded into cristae; has own DNA and ribosomes

102
Q

Peroxisome

A

-Detoxifies certain chemicals through oxidation reactions
-Metabolizes fatty acids
-Synthesizes certain phospholipids
Structure:
Membrane-enclosed; similar to large vesicle

103
Q

Ribosome

A

-Synthesize proteins
Structure:
Two subunits made of proteins and rRNA; not membrane enclosed

104
Q

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

-Modifies and folds proteins made by the ribosomes
-manufactures and assembles most components of the plasma membrane
Structure:
Series of saclike membranes enclosing the ER lumen; surface studded with ribosomes

105
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

-Stores calcium ions and synthesizes lipids
-detoxifies certain substances
structure:
series of tubular membranes enclosing the ER lumen; surface does not contain ribosomes

106
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

-Sorts, modifies, and packages proteins and other products made by the ER
structure:
stack of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs

107
Q

Lysosome

A

-Digests damaged organelles and products brought into the cell by endocytosis
-Recycles damaged organelles

108
Q

Microvilli

A

-Folded plasma membrane into inc SA
-actin filaments determine the shape of cell’s surface and are necessary for whole cell motion
-creates brush border

109
Q

Cillia

A

-Bigger
-cytoskeleton filaments (microtubules)
-short
-beating motion

110
Q

Flagella

A

-Long
-cytoskeleton filaments
-whip-like motion
-think of a tail

Anatomy (6 decks)

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