TEST 1 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Anterior (Ventral)
A
Toward the front
2
Q
Posterior (dorsal)
A
Toward the back
3
Q
Superior (cranial)
A
Toward the head
4
Q
Inferior (caudal)
A
Toward the tail
5
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to the point of origin (generally the trunk)
6
Q
Distal
A
Farther away from the point of origin (generally the trunk)
7
Q
Medial
A
Closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the outer side of
8
Q
Superficial
A
Closer to the surface
9
Q
Deep
A
Farther below the surface
10
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
Divides the body into left and right
11
Q
Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)
A
Divides the body into posterior and anterior (front and back)
12
Q
Transverse Plane
A
Divides something through the middle giving it a head (upper) and tails (bottom)
13
Q
Posterior (dorsal) Body Cavities
A
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral or spinal cavity
14
Q
Cranial Cavity
A
Located within the skull and protects the brain
15
Q
Vertebral or Spinal Cavity
A
Found within vertebral column and protects the spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
16
Q
Anterior (ventral) Body Cavity
A
Thoracic Cavity (which includes)
-Pleural Cavities
-Mediastinum
-Pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity (which includes)
-Abdominal cavity
-Pelvic cavity
17
Q
Pleural cavities
A
surround a lung each, located within serous membrane
18
Q
Mediastinum
A
houses heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, not located within a serous membrane
19
Q
Pericardial cavity
A
surrounds the heart, located within a serous membrane
20
Q
What are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity separated by ?
A
diaphragm
21
Q
Abdominal cavity
A
diaphragm to the pelvis
22
Q
Pelvic cavity
A
area within the bony pelvis
23
Q
some serous membrane includes
A
This includes pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
24
Q
Serous membrane
A
produces serous fluid which is used to reduce friction against organs
25
Visceral layer
layer covering organ
26
parietal
layer covering surround structures
27
X-ray
Uses ionizing radiation to make an image of internal body structures
28
CT (computerized tomography) scan
Uses ionizing radiation but images are fed into a computer to produce a 3 dimensional image
29
MRI (magnetic resonance image):
Constructed by placing the body in a magnetic field. 3D image generated by computer
30
Lymphatic System
-Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
-Provides immunity (protection against disease)
31
Organs involved in Lymphatic System
-Tonsils
-Lymph nodes
-Thymus
-Spleen
-Lymphatic vessels
32
Respiratory System
-Delivers oxygen to the blood
-Removes carbon dioxide from the body
-Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
33
Organs involved in the Respiratory System
-Nasal cavity
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Lungs
34
Digestive System
-Digests food
-Absorbs nutrients into the blood
-Removes food waste
-Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance
35
What organs are involved in the digestive system?
-Mouth
-Salivary glands
-Esophagus
-Liver
-Stomach
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas
-Large intestine
-Small intestine
36
Integumentary system
-Protects the body from the external environment
-Produces vitamin D
-Retains water
-Regulates body temperature
37
What organs are involved in the integumentary system?
-Hair
-Skin
-Nails
38
Urinary System
-Removes metabolic wastes from the blood
-Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance
-Stimulates blood cell production
39
What organs are involved in the Urinary System?
-Kidneys
-Uresters
-Urinary Bladder
-Urethra
40
Reproductive System
male and female
-Produces and transports sperm
-Secretes hormones
-sexual function
female only
-Site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation
41
Organs involved in the reproductive system
male =
Prostate gland
Ductus deferens
Testis
Penis
Female=
Mammary glands
Uterine tube
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
42
Nervous System
-Regulates body functions
-Provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses
43
Organs involved in nervous system
-Brain
-Spinal cord
-Nerves
44
Endocrine System
-Regulates body functions
-Regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones
45
Organs involved in the Endocrine System
-Pineal gland
-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary gland
-Thyroid gland
-Thymus gland
-Adrenal glands
-Pancreas
-Ovaries (female)
-Testes (male)
46
Cardiovascular system
-Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
-Removes wastes from the tissues
-Transports cell, nutrients, and other substances
47
Organs involved in the cardiovascular system
-Blood Vessels
-Heart
48
Core Principles
Structure-Function
Cell-cell communication
Gradients
49
Structure-Function
Form follows function (ex thin lung tissue for gas exchange)
50
Cell-cell communication
Cells communicate to maintain homeostasis
51
Gradients
Gradients drive many physiological processes
52
Temperature gradient
Heat is concentrated higher on the source and then it becomes cooler the more it moves away from the source
53
Concentration gradient
think of a pill in water
the dissolving pill is more concentrated in the area around in the pill and decreases away from it, which then shows a concentration gradient
54
Pressure gradient
The higher air pressure inside the compressed syringe and the lower air pressure outside show a pressure gradient
55
Suspension
A liquid mixed with a solid (ex. red blood cells in blood)
56
Colloid
Opaque, particles are not visible with the naked eye, particles remain dispersed and do not settle out
57
Solution
Extremely small particles that are not visible and do not settle out. One component dissolves in another
58
Concentration
Solute present in a solution
59
Ionic Bonds
Electrons are transferred between a metal and a nonmetal
60
Covalent Bonds
Sharing electrons between two or more nonmetals. Far greater stability in sharing electrons than transferring
61
Polar covalent
A difference in electronegativities results in partial charges and polarity
NOT SHARED EQUALLY
62
Nonpolar covalent
Identical or nearly identical electronegativities sharing electrons equally. Can also be nonpolar due to arrangement
63
Isotope
Same atomic number but different mass number due to the gain or loss in neutrons
64
Radioactivity
Unstable isotopes (radioisotopes) release energy in the form of radiation
65
Medical application of radioisotopes
radioisotopes form the basis for nuclear medicine, radioactive treatment, and are used in x-rays
66
Catabolic reactions
Decomposition reaction
AB --> A + B
67
Anabolic reactions
Synthesis reaction - reactions that create new chemical bonds
A + B --> AB
68
Enzymes
-Biological catalyst
-Almost always proteins
-Speeds up reaction by lowering activation energy
69
Enzyme-substrate interaction
induced fit model
1. the substrates approach the enzyme
2. When the substrates bind the enzyme, both the substrates and the enzyme change shape
3. the substrates enter the transition state and are converted into products
4. The product and enzyme dissociate, and the enzyme returns to its original shape
70
Salts
Any metal cation and nonmetal anion held together by ionic bonds
71
Electrolytes
Ionic compounds dissolve when placed in water resulting in electrolytes (cations and anions)
72
Monomer
Single subunits, the building blocks for nearly all organic compounds
73
Polymer
Monomers linked together
-Polymers are built by an anabolic reaction called dehydration synthesis. Two monomers are linked by a covalent bond and water is a product.
74
Hydrolysis
It adds a water molecule to the polymer breaking the covalent bond between the monomers
75
Carbohydrates
Carbo-carbon
Hydrate-hydrogen
1C:2H:1O FORMULA
Main function- fuel
Monomer- monosaccharide
Most prevalent monosaccharide- glucose
Most prevalent disaccharides (two monosaccharides) - sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharide: long, branching chains of monosaccharides covalently bonded by dehydration synthesis
Starch: How plants store their glucose
Glycogen: How animals store their glucose, found in liver and skeletal muscles
76
Lipids
They are hydrophobic due to non polar
Fatty acid- carboxylic acid bound to hydrocarbon chain
Saturated fatty acid- no double bonds
Monounsaturated fatty acid- 1 carbon-carbon double bond
Polyunsaturated fatty acid- 2 or more carbon-carbon double bond
Triglyceride- 3 fatty acids with a glycerol backbone
Primary function of triglycerides- insulate organs and regulate body temperature
Phospholipids- two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol backbone, they have a hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail
The function of a phospholipid is that they make up cell membranes, main divider between cell and extracellular environment
77
Proteins
Monomer- amino acid
Polymer- peptide (2 or more amino acids)
Amino acids are all made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen
peptide bond- a bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of a second amino acid
78
Primary protein structure
Amino acid sequence of the polypeptide
79
Secondary protein structure
Folding one or more segments of the polypeptide over itself. Alpha helices and beta sheets and is stabilized by H bonds
80
Tertiary protein structure
R group interactions determine the final three dimensional shape the protein assumes
80
Quaternary protein structure
Proteins consisting of more than one polypeptide chain
80
Denaturation
Destroying a protein's shape (heat, pH, chemicals)
80
transport- Facilitated diffusion
The passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of a transport molecule or channel protein
80
transport- simple diffusion
a form of diffusion that does not require the assistance of membrane proteins
81
Nucleotide contains
Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
81
Osmosis
Movement of solvent from a solution of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
82
Active transport
-requires energy
-against concentration gradient
-Uses pumps
83
Uniporter
think of a channel that only moves down
84
Synporter
Think of a channel with two flows that move down
85
Antiporter
One thing flows in and the other flows out
86
Sodium Potassium Pump
-uses ATP
steps:
3 Na+ bind
ATP adds P
3 Na+ out
2 K+ bind
P leaves
2 K+ in
OVERALL
3 Na+ out
2 K+ in
this goes against concentration gradient
87
Secondary active transport
Uses the energy stored in gradients to move other substances against their own gradients
88
Electric potential
-80 mv
Just inside/outside charges
+ outside
- inside
89
Phagocytosis
-Recognition and ingestion of particles into a plasma membrane derived vesicle, known as phagosome
This involves receptor, bacterium, pseudopods, phagosome + Lysosome
steps:
1- A particle such as a bacterium binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane
2. Pseudopods extended and surround the bacterium
3. Pseudopods merge, pinching off to form a vesicle called a phagosome
4. The phagosome fuses with a lysosome and the bacterium is digested
90
Pinocytosis/ receptor mediated endocytosis
steps:
1- Membrane of coated pit folds inward OR ligands bind to receptors in pit and membrane folds inward
2. Transport vesicle forms and pinches off in the cytosol
3. Transport vesicle loses protein coat and fuses with endosome
4. Once inside the endosome, the ingested products are
a- returned to the plasma membrane
b-sent to a lysosome or
c-may exit out of the opposite side of the cell
Ends with
-plasma membrane
-lysosome
-opposite side of cell
-transcytosis
91
Exocytosis
1. Exocytic transport vesicle reaches the plasma membrane
2. Transport vesicle binds with the plasma membrane
3.The phospholipid bilayers of the transport vesicle and the plasma membrane fuse
4. Transport vesicle contents are released into ECF
Basically--
Vesicle binds and ejects contents out
92
Phospholipid structure
structure of a phospholipid molecule- it has a polar hydrophilic head and a nonpolar hydrophobic tail
1- schematic structure of a phospholipid molecule
2- A monolayer forms when phospholipids are added to water
3- Phospholipids rearrange into a bilayer with another layer of water is added /
93
Fluid mosaic model
Mosaic- the proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Fluid- show how things cross and its permeability
Glycoproteins-cell recognition
Cholesterol-Lipid that freely passes through bilayer and stabilizes it
94
Membrane proteins include
integral proteins-span the width of the layer
Peripheral proteins-only found on one side
95
Channels
Membrane proteins act as channels through which substances pass to enter or exit the cell
They are passive
96
Carriers
Membrane proteins bind and transport substances into or out of the cell
They are active
97
Hypotonic
There is less solute so the cell would swell
98
Hypertonic
There is more solute so the cell would shrink
99
Non membrane bound organelle
Ribosomes
100
Membrane bound organelles
Mitochondria
nucleus
ER
Golgi Ap
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
101
Mitochondria
Synthesizes the majority of the cell's ATP
structure includes:
double membrane; inner membrane folded into cristae; has own DNA and ribosomes
102
Peroxisome
-Detoxifies certain chemicals through oxidation reactions
-Metabolizes fatty acids
-Synthesizes certain phospholipids
Structure:
Membrane-enclosed; similar to large vesicle
103
Ribosome
-Synthesize proteins
Structure:
Two subunits made of proteins and rRNA; not membrane enclosed
104
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
-Modifies and folds proteins made by the ribosomes
-manufactures and assembles most components of the plasma membrane
Structure:
Series of saclike membranes enclosing the ER lumen; surface studded with ribosomes
105
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
-Stores calcium ions and synthesizes lipids
-detoxifies certain substances
structure:
series of tubular membranes enclosing the ER lumen; surface does not contain ribosomes
106
Golgi Apparatus
-Sorts, modifies, and packages proteins and other products made by the ER
structure:
stack of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs
107
Lysosome
-Digests damaged organelles and products brought into the cell by endocytosis
-Recycles damaged organelles
108
Microvilli
-Folded plasma membrane into inc SA
-actin filaments determine the shape of cell's surface and are necessary for whole cell motion
-creates brush border
109
Cillia
-Bigger
-cytoskeleton filaments (microtubules)
-short
-beating motion
110
Flagella
-Long
-cytoskeleton filaments
-whip-like motion
-think of a tail
