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Anatomy > RAT 5 > Flashcards

RAT 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

This is when a membrane is selective about what it wants to let in.

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2
Q

What is the difference between passive transport and active transport?

A

Passive transport is a membrane transport that does NOT require energy in the form of ATP
Active transport is a membrane transport that DOES require energy in the form of ATP to function

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3
Q

What basic force drives many types of passive transport?

A

concentration gradient- high concentration in one area and low concentration in another

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4
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of solute molecules that are dissolved from an area of higher solute concentration to an are of lower solute concentration

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5
Q

What are some things that impact the rate of diffusion?

A

size and phase (liquid/gas) of the diffusing particles, the temperature, and the size of the concentration gradient

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6
Q

Describe the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

A

Simple diffusion- diffusion that involves nonpolar solutes that pass straight through the phospholipid bilayer without assistance from a membrane protein

Facilitated diffusion- charged or polar solutes that cross the phospholipid bilayer with the help of a membrane protein

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7
Q

what is the similarity between channels and carriers?

A

The both bind/are meant for specific solute

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8
Q

What are the differences between channels and carriers?

A

A channel makes the hydrophilic amino acids in the protein are oriented toward the interior of the channel
A carrier binds to a specific solutes and they carry them into or out of the cell

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9
Q

What is osmosis?

A

refers to the movement of solvent, the dissolving medium, across a selectively permeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration

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10
Q

What is a solvent?

A

It is the substance that does the dissolving

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11
Q

What is aquaporin?

A

A protein chain in the plasma membrane of renal tubule and collecting duct cells that allows the passage of water from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid

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12
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent water from moving into it by osmosis

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13
Q

What is tonicity?

A

A comparison between the ability of two solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane to cause water movement by osmosis

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14
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

When water enters and leaves a cell at the same rate

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15
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Water is moving OUT of the cell

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16
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Water is moving INTO the cell

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17
Q

How would a cell placed in a isotonic solution react?

A

the cell has no net gain or loss of water over time and its volume remains the same

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18
Q

How would a cell placed in a hypertonic solution react?

A

the cell would shrink and sometimes die

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19
Q

How would a cell placed in a hypotonic solution react?

A

The cell would expand and swell. This could cause it to rupture or lyse.

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20
Q

What is dehydration?

A

The loss of cellular water

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21
Q

In terms of tonicity, what occurs during dehydration?

A

When a person is working out their sweat contains more water than electrolytes. so the extracellular fluid becomes hypertonic to the body’s cells.

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22
Q

How does drinking water or a sports drink help correct dehydration?

A

a sports drink has a mixture of water, electrolytes, and carbohydrates and they are hypotonic to human cytosol. When a sports drink or water is consumed it will help replenish the water and electrolytes in the ECF to make it mildly hypotonic to the cytosol. This would cause water to go back into the cell by osmosis until normal concentration of different solutes in the their cytosol is restored.

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23
Q

When is drinking water over a sports drink the better option?

A

Water can be taken over a sports drink in any case of dehydration but it in case of severe dehydration water is too intense, so you have to be careful

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24
Q

When is drinking a sports drink over water a better option?

A

Usually in cases of mild dehydration

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25
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

It directly uses chemical energy (like ATP) with a protein pump to transport all species of solutes across a membrane against their concentration gradient

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26
Q

What is a uniport pump?

A

a carrier protein that transport a single solute

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27
Q

What is a symport pump?

A

a carrier protein that moves two solutes in the same direction

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28
Q

What is an antiport pump?

A

a carrier protein that moves two different solutes in opposite directions, one into the cell and one out of the cell

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29
Q

How does a sodium-potassium pump work?

A

A primary active transport pump consisting of a protein ATPase enzyme in the plasma membrane that pumps 3 Na+ from the cytosol into the extracellular fluid and two K+ from the extracellular fluid into the cytosol

30
Q

What is a secondary active transport?

A

A type of active transport in which primary active transport pump establishes a concentration gradient; the potential energy of this gradient is then used to fuel the transport of a second substances against its concentration gradient

31
Q

Why is there a separation of charges across the plasma membrane?

A

When an ion crosses the plasma membrane of a cell through passive or active process it causes ions to have unequal concentrations between the cytosol and the ECF which causes the separation of charges across the plasma membrane

32
Q

Where is this charge separation limited to?

A

A think layer of positive charges is present in the ECF and a thin layer of negative charges is found in the cytosol

33
Q

What is an electrical potential?

A

an electrical potential is really just an electrical gradient, similar to the concentration Gradient

34
Q

What is a membrane potential?

A

The difference in voltage between the extracellular fluid and the cytosol in the area neat the plasma membrane

35
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

The voltage difference across the plasma membrane of a cell when it is not being stimulated

36
Q

What is a typical value for the resting membrane potential?

A

80 millivolts (mV)

37
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

It is enclosed by a membrane made of a phospholipid bilayer, just like the plasma membrane that encloses the cell

38
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

A type of vesicular transport in which substances are taken into the cell via an infolding of the plasma membrane

39
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

“cellular eating”, a type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of large particles

40
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

“Cellular drinking”, a type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of smaller amounts of material through indentations in the plasma membrane coated with specific proteins

41
Q

What is Receptor-Medicated endocytosis?

A

A type of endocytosis in which specific substances are taken into the cell after binding with a receptor on the plasma membrane surface

42
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

A type of vesicular transport in which substances are released from the cell via the fusion of vesicle with the plasma membrane

43
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

A type of vesicular transport in which a substance is taken into one side of the cell by endocytosis and released from the other side of the cell by exocytosis

44
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A structure that allows the cell’s functions to be compartmentalized and this allows for cellular efficiency

45
Q

Which organelles are membrane-bound?

A

The mitochondrion, peroxisome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome

46
Q

Which organelles are not membrane-bound?

A

Ribosome, centrosomes

47
Q

What is a micrograph?

A

The pictures that microscopes produce

48
Q

What does it mean if a micrograph is labeled LM?

A

it means light micrograph and this passes a beam of light through specimens to create an image

49
Q

What does it mean if a micrograph is labeled SEM?

A

It means scanning electron micrographs and that means a three-dimensional images usually of whole or broken cells

50
Q

What does it mean if a micrograph is labeled TEM?

A

It means transmission electron micrographs, which are flat images of sectioned cells

51
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

Organelles surrounded by a double membrane that produce the bulk of the cell’s ATP by oxidative catabolism

52
Q

What are Peroxisomes

A

An organelle with enzymes that detoxify certain substances, metabolize fatty acids, and produce certain phospholipids

53
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Granular, non-membrane enclosed organelles that are the site of protein synthesis

54
Q

What are ribosomal RNA?

A

A type of RNA produced in the nucleolus that serves as a main component of ribosomes

55
Q

Describe free ribosome

A

They are suspended in the cytosol, where they make proteins that mainly used in the cytosol itself

56
Q

Describe bound ribosomes

A

They are associated with the membranes of other cellular structures and they typically make proteins that will be exported form the cell, transported to certain organelles

57
Q

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

A series of winding membranes whose surfaces are studded with ribosomes; functions in protein synthesis and modification

58
Q

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

A series of winding membranes whose surfaces are not studded ribosomes, functions in detoxification reactions, calcium ion storage, and lipid synthesis

59
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

A group of membrane enclosed sacs that receive and modify products from the endoplasmic reticulum for export or use in the cell

60
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

They are membrane enclosed sacs that contain water and enzymes called acid hydrolase.

61
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

It is the cell’s highway

62
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

-Giving a cell its characteristic shape and size
-Supporting the plasma and nuclear membranes as well as the organelles
-Functioning in movement
-performing specialized functions in different cell types

63
Q

What are microvilli?

A

They function in absorption, they are highly folded extensions of the plasma membrane that it increases its surface area (for absorption)

64
Q

What is the structure and function of the cillia?

A

It functions in movement and it is structured as an oval with extensions on the outside

65
Q

What is the structure and function of the flagella?

A

The flagella is used for movement and it has a tail for it move

66
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system

67
Q

What is housed in the nucleus?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which contains the code for every protein in the body

68
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope is the enclosing membrane

69
Q

What is the structure that surrounds the nucleus?

A

It is a membrane with opens called the nuclear pores

70
Q

What are nucleoli?

A

The structure located in the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled

71
Q

What is produced in nucleoli?

A

ribosomes

72
Q

What is the singular form of the word “nucleoli”?

A

nucleolus

Anatomy (6 decks)

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