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Anatomy > RAT 5 > Flashcards

RAT 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

This is when a membrane is selective about what it wants to let in.

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2
Q

What is the difference between passive transport and active transport?

A

Passive transport is a membrane transport that does NOT require energy in the form of ATP
Active transport is a membrane transport that DOES require energy in the form of ATP to function

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3
Q

What basic force drives many types of passive transport?

A

concentration gradient- high concentration in one area and low concentration in another

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4
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of solute molecules that are dissolved from an area of higher solute concentration to an are of lower solute concentration

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5
Q

What are some things that impact the rate of diffusion?

A

size and phase (liquid/gas) of the diffusing particles, the temperature, and the size of the concentration gradient

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6
Q

Describe the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

A

Simple diffusion- diffusion that involves nonpolar solutes that pass straight through the phospholipid bilayer without assistance from a membrane protein

Facilitated diffusion- charged or polar solutes that cross the phospholipid bilayer with the help of a membrane protein

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7
Q

what is the similarity between channels and carriers?

A

The both bind/are meant for specific solute

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8
Q

What are the differences between channels and carriers?

A

A channel makes the hydrophilic amino acids in the protein are oriented toward the interior of the channel
A carrier binds to a specific solutes and they carry them into or out of the cell

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9
Q

What is osmosis?

A

refers to the movement of solvent, the dissolving medium, across a selectively permeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration

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10
Q

What is a solvent?

A

It is the substance that does the dissolving

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11
Q

What is aquaporin?

A

A protein chain in the plasma membrane of renal tubule and collecting duct cells that allows the passage of water from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid

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12
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent water from moving into it by osmosis

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13
Q

What is tonicity?

A

A comparison between the ability of two solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane to cause water movement by osmosis

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14
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

When water enters and leaves a cell at the same rate

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15
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Water is moving OUT of the cell

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16
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Water is moving INTO the cell

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17
Q

How would a cell placed in a isotonic solution react?

A

the cell has no net gain or loss of water over time and its volume remains the same

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18
Q

How would a cell placed in a hypertonic solution react?

A

the cell would shrink and sometimes die

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19
Q

How would a cell placed in a hypotonic solution react?

A

The cell would expand and swell. This could cause it to rupture or lyse.

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20
Q

What is dehydration?

A

The loss of cellular water

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21
Q

In terms of tonicity, what occurs during dehydration?

A

When a person is working out their sweat contains more water than electrolytes. so the extracellular fluid becomes hypertonic to the body’s cells.

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22
Q

How does drinking water or a sports drink help correct dehydration?

A

a sports drink has a mixture of water, electrolytes, and carbohydrates and they are hypotonic to human cytosol. When a sports drink or water is consumed it will help replenish the water and electrolytes in the ECF to make it mildly hypotonic to the cytosol. This would cause water to go back into the cell by osmosis until normal concentration of different solutes in the their cytosol is restored.

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23
Q

When is drinking water over a sports drink the better option?

A

Water can be taken over a sports drink in any case of dehydration but it in case of severe dehydration water is too intense, so you have to be careful

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24
Q

When is drinking a sports drink over water a better option?

A

Usually in cases of mild dehydration

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25
What is primary active transport?
It directly uses chemical energy (like ATP) with a protein pump to transport all species of solutes across a membrane against their concentration gradient
26
What is a uniport pump?
a carrier protein that transport a single solute
27
What is a symport pump?
a carrier protein that moves two solutes in the same direction
28
What is an antiport pump?
a carrier protein that moves two different solutes in opposite directions, one into the cell and one out of the cell
29
How does a sodium-potassium pump work?
A primary active transport pump consisting of a protein ATPase enzyme in the plasma membrane that pumps 3 Na+ from the cytosol into the extracellular fluid and two K+ from the extracellular fluid into the cytosol
30
What is a secondary active transport?
A type of active transport in which primary active transport pump establishes a concentration gradient; the potential energy of this gradient is then used to fuel the transport of a second substances against its concentration gradient
31
Why is there a separation of charges across the plasma membrane?
When an ion crosses the plasma membrane of a cell through passive or active process it causes ions to have unequal concentrations between the cytosol and the ECF which causes the separation of charges across the plasma membrane
32
Where is this charge separation limited to?
A think layer of positive charges is present in the ECF and a thin layer of negative charges is found in the cytosol
33
What is an electrical potential?
an electrical potential is really just an electrical gradient, similar to the concentration Gradient
34
What is a membrane potential?
The difference in voltage between the extracellular fluid and the cytosol in the area neat the plasma membrane
35
What is the resting membrane potential?
The voltage difference across the plasma membrane of a cell when it is not being stimulated
36
What is a typical value for the resting membrane potential?
80 millivolts (mV)
37
What is a vesicle?
It is enclosed by a membrane made of a phospholipid bilayer, just like the plasma membrane that encloses the cell
38
What is endocytosis?
A type of vesicular transport in which substances are taken into the cell via an infolding of the plasma membrane
39
What is Phagocytosis?
"cellular eating", a type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of large particles
40
What is Pinocytosis?
"Cellular drinking", a type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of smaller amounts of material through indentations in the plasma membrane coated with specific proteins
41
What is Receptor-Medicated endocytosis?
A type of endocytosis in which specific substances are taken into the cell after binding with a receptor on the plasma membrane surface
42
What is exocytosis?
A type of vesicular transport in which substances are released from the cell via the fusion of vesicle with the plasma membrane
43
What is transcytosis?
A type of vesicular transport in which a substance is taken into one side of the cell by endocytosis and released from the other side of the cell by exocytosis
44
What is an organelle?
A structure that allows the cell's functions to be compartmentalized and this allows for cellular efficiency
45
Which organelles are membrane-bound?
The mitochondrion, peroxisome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome
46
Which organelles are not membrane-bound?
Ribosome, centrosomes
47
What is a micrograph?
The pictures that microscopes produce
48
What does it mean if a micrograph is labeled LM?
it means light micrograph and this passes a beam of light through specimens to create an image
49
What does it mean if a micrograph is labeled SEM?
It means scanning electron micrographs and that means a three-dimensional images usually of whole or broken cells
50
What does it mean if a micrograph is labeled TEM?
It means transmission electron micrographs, which are flat images of sectioned cells
51
function of the mitochondria
Organelles surrounded by a double membrane that produce the bulk of the cell's ATP by oxidative catabolism
52
What are Peroxisomes
An organelle with enzymes that detoxify certain substances, metabolize fatty acids, and produce certain phospholipids
53
What are ribosomes?
Granular, non-membrane enclosed organelles that are the site of protein synthesis
54
What are ribosomal RNA?
A type of RNA produced in the nucleolus that serves as a main component of ribosomes
55
Describe free ribosome
They are suspended in the cytosol, where they make proteins that mainly used in the cytosol itself
56
Describe bound ribosomes
They are associated with the membranes of other cellular structures and they typically make proteins that will be exported form the cell, transported to certain organelles
57
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A series of winding membranes whose surfaces are studded with ribosomes; functions in protein synthesis and modification
58
What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A series of winding membranes whose surfaces are not studded ribosomes, functions in detoxification reactions, calcium ion storage, and lipid synthesis
59
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
A group of membrane enclosed sacs that receive and modify products from the endoplasmic reticulum for export or use in the cell
60
What are Lysosomes?
They are membrane enclosed sacs that contain water and enzymes called acid hydrolase.
61
What is the cytoskeleton?
It is the cell's highway
62
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
-Giving a cell its characteristic shape and size -Supporting the plasma and nuclear membranes as well as the organelles -Functioning in movement -performing specialized functions in different cell types
63
What are microvilli?
They function in absorption, they are highly folded extensions of the plasma membrane that it increases its surface area (for absorption)
64
What is the structure and function of the cillia?
It functions in movement and it is structured as an oval with extensions on the outside
65
What is the structure and function of the flagella?
The flagella is used for movement and it has a tail for it move
66
What is the nucleus?
A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system
67
What is housed in the nucleus?
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which contains the code for every protein in the body
68
What surrounds the nucleus?
The nuclear envelope is the enclosing membrane
69
What is the structure that surrounds the nucleus?
It is a membrane with opens called the nuclear pores
70
What are nucleoli?
The structure located in the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled
71
What is produced in nucleoli?
ribosomes
72
What is the singular form of the word "nucleoli"?
nucleolus

Anatomy (6 decks)

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