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test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name me all the muscles that attach to the nuchal ligament

A

Trapezius, Rhomboid Minor, Splenius Capitis, Spinalis Capitis

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2
Q

What muscles do UPWARD ROTATION of the scapula?

A

Upper and Lower Trapezius, Serratus Anterior

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3
Q

What muscles do DOWNWARD ROTATION of the scapula?

A

Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major/ Minor

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4
Q

Name the parts of the Suboccipital Triangle

A

Superomedial boundary- Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Superolateral boundary- Oblique Capitis Superior
Inferolateral boundary- Oblique Capitis Inferior
Floor- Posterior OA membrane and posterior arch of vertebra C1
Roof- Semispinalis Capitis
Contents- Vertebral Artery and Suboccipital nerve (C1)

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5
Q

C1 Atlas

A

Nods Head
Connected by the OA joint

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6
Q

Be able to name what the Cruciate ligament and the Alar ligament is

A

Cruciate ligament- superior longitudinal band, inferior longitudinal band, transverse ligament of atlas

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7
Q

C2 Axis

A

Shakes head
Contains the Odontoid Process or Dens- pivot for the heads rotation
AA Joint

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8
Q

Which vertebrae does not have a bifid process?

A

C7

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9
Q

Name the differences between the vertebrae in terms of their facets

A

Cervical- face at a 45 degree angle upwards, contains transverse foramen
Thoracic- face backwards (frontal plane), spinous process is longer, contains the costal facets which is where the rib articulates with the spine
Lumbar- face inwards, large vertebral body

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10
Q

Name the parts of the Intervertebral Discs (include ligaments of the spine)

A

Anulus Fibrosus, Nucleus pulposus

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

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11
Q

A broken back is a fracture at the where? What are the three conditions?

A

Pars Interarticularis

Spondylosis- degeneration

Spondylolysis- fracture without separation

Spondylolisthesis- fracture with separation

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12
Q

What are myotomes?

A

the muscles supplied by an individual spinal nerve

For ex. Shoulder flexion C5
Elbow flexion C6
Wrist Flexion C7
Finger Flexion C8
Finger Abduction T1

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13
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Areas of skin supplied by an individual spinal nerve

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14
Q

At what spinal levels does the spinal cord end (also called what)?

A

L1 and L2 which is where it becomes the Cauda Equina or Horse Tail
Called the conus medullaris

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15
Q

At what spinal level does the spinal dural sac (thecal sac) end?

A

S2

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16
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Fibrous extension of the spinal cord from the Conus medullaris connecting it to the coccyx

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17
Q

What are the different spinal meninges from superficial to deep?

A

Epidural space
Dura Mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid Mater
Subarachnoid space (CSF)
Pia Mater

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18
Q

What is the ligamentum flavum?

A

A series of ligaments that connects the ventral parts of the lamina to adjacent vertebrae

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19
Q

What movements does the PLL and ALL prevent?

A

PLL prevents hyperflexion
ALL prevents hyperextension

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20
Q

What movement does the nuchal ligament prevent?

A

hyperflexion of the neck

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20
Q

What does the Supraspinous and Interspinous ligaments connect? What movement does it resist?

A

Spinous Processes, hyperflexion of vertebral column

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20
Q

What are the muscles of the suprahyoids?

A

mylohyoids
digastric
stylohyoid
geniohyoid

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21
Q

What are the muscles of the infrahyoids?

A

Thyrohyoids
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

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21
Q

What are the boundaries of the Anterior cervical triangle?

A

Anterior- middle line of the neck
Posterior- the anterior border of the SCM
Superior- boundary formed by the inferior border of the mandible

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22
What are the triangles in the anterior cervical triangle?
Submandibular triangle submental triangle carotid triangle muscular triangle
23
What are the borders of the carotid triangle?
Superior- belly of the omohyoid Posterior- belly of digastric Anterior- belly of SCM
24
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
-Common carotid artery- carotid sinus (baroreceptor) and carotid body (chemoreceptor) - Internal jugular vein
25
What are the borders of the lateral cervical triangle?
Anterior- posterior border of the SCM Posterior- anterior border of the traps Inferior- middle 3rd of the clavicle
26
What are the two triangles in the lateral cervical triangle?
Occipital triangle Omoclavicular triangle
27
What are the arteries of the lateral triangle?
Subclavian artery
28
What are the nerves in the neck?
Spinal accessory nerve suprascapular nerve phrenic nerve brachial plexus
29
What are the nerves in the root of the neck?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve phrenic nerve vagus nerve (CN X)
30
What are the nerves in the cervical plexus?
C1-C5 Ansa Cervicalis
31
What are the differences between the male and female pelvis?
Male- heavier with more prominent attachment sites sacral more prominent ischial spines more medial heart shaped (male) vs oval shaped (female) angle of pubic arch more narrow
32
What are the layer 1 perineal muscles?
1. Ischiovavernosus 2. bulbocavernosus 3. superficial transverse perineal
33
What are the layer 2 urogenital muscles?
1. external urethral sphincter 2. deep transverse perineal 3. Females- compressor urethrae sphincter urethrovaginal
34
What are the layer 3 obturator internus and piriformis muscles?
1. Levator Ani 2. coccygeus 3. obturator internus 4. piriformis
35
What are the 5 pelvic floor functions (5 S's)
Support, sphincteric, sexual, stability, sump-pump
36
What are the Spinal Levels for the Superior, Root of Spine and Inferior Angle of Spine?
Superior- T2 Root of Spine- T3 Inferior- T7
37
What ribs are True, False, and Floating?
True Ribs- 1- 7 False Ribs- 8-12 Floating Ribs- 11 and 12
38
What is the thoracic vertebrae rule of 3s?
T1-3- the same SP at same level at TP T4-6- SPs 1/2 level below of TP T7-9- SPs are full level of TP T10-12- the SPs are in the same level
39
What are the 4 most important breathing muscles?
Intercostals Serratus Posterior Transverse thoracis Diaphragm
40
What are the functions of the serratus posterior superior and inferior?
Superior- SP from C7 to T3 Elevates ribs with inhalation Inferior- T12 to L3 depresses ribs with exhalation
41
What are some accessory respiratory muscles?
Pec major and minor Rectus Abdominis, external and internal oblique, transverse abdominis Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes
42
What are the trunk dermatomes?
T2- axillary T4- nipple T6- xiphoid process T10- umbilicus
43
What is the diaphragm?
main muscle of inspiration flattens when contracts connects to the psoas muscle and QL
44
OINA for the diaphragm?
A: increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration O: Costal attachment: inner surface of lower 6 ribs Lumbar attachment: 2 or 3 lumbar vertebrae Sternal attachment: inner part of xiphoid process I: central tendon N: Phrenic Nerve (C3, C4, C5)
45
What are the structures that pass through the diaphragm?
Inferior Vena Cava at T8 Esophagus and Vagus Nerve T10 Aorta and Thoracic duct T12
46
What are the 3 major bones of the pelvis?
pubis, ischium, and ilium
47
Purpose of QL
Lifting, walking
48
Action of QL
Unilaterally: Laterally tilt/ hike/ elevate the pelvis Laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side Extend the vertebral column Bilaterally: fix the last rib during forced inspiration
49
SA of QL
12th ribs and tips of lumbar transverse processes
50
IA of QL
Iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest
51
N of QL
Ventral branches of T12, L1 to L4
52
P of Psoas Major
hiking and ascending stairs
53
MA of Psoas Major
Acting Inferiorly with iliacus, flexes the hip Acting superiorly, flexes the vertebral column laterally Balances the trunk Flexes the Trunk while sitting
54
SA of Psoas Major
TP of T12 to L5, sides of Lumbar bodies and discs
55
IA of Psoas Major
Lesser Trochanter
56
N of Psoas Major
Ventral rami of **L1**, **L2**, L3
57
P of Iliacus
Climbing a ladder, cycling
58
MA of Iliacus
flexes thigh and stabilizes hip joint; acts with psoas major
59
SA of Iliacus
Iliac fossa, sacrum, and anterior sacroiliac ligaments
60
IA of Iliacus
Lesser trochanter and psoas tendon
61
N of Iliacus
Femoral L2 to L4
62
Action and Muscle Fiber Direction of Rectus Abdominis
Flex the vertebral column Tilt pelvis posteriorly Fibers run up and down
63
Action and Muscle Fiber Direction of External Oblique
Unilaterally: - Contralateral Rotation of vertebral column - Ipsilateral Lateral Flexion of vertebral column Bilaterally: Flex the vertebral column
64
Action and muscle Fiber Direction of Internal Oblique
Unilaterally: - Lateral flexion VC to the same side - Rotation of VC to the same side Bilaterally: - flex the vertebral column - compress abdominal contents
65
Action and muscle fiber direction of the transverse abdominis
Action: compresses and supports abdominal viscera] antagonist of diaphragm with expiration
66
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen and what do they contain?
1. Right Upper Quadrant- liver, gallbladder, duodenum of the intestines, a small portion of the pancreas, kidneys 2. Left Upper Quadrant- stomach, spleen, pancreas, kidneys 3. Left Lower Quadrant- Rectum, colon, bladder 4. Right Lower Quadrant- large intestine, small intestine, appendix, reproductive organs
67
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
R/L Hypochondriac R/L Lumbar R/L Iliac Epigastic Umbilical Hypogastric
68
What are the different types of Spina Bofida?
Spina bofida occulta- defect in the vertebral arch of L5 or S1, small gap in the spine but "hidden" by layer of skin Meningocele- sac of fluid comes through the spinal cord

human gross anatomy (12 decks)

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