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test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Femoral neck fracture are common in______. Why? Laymans terms?

A

people over 60 years old especially women because of the angle of the femur

broken hip

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2
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament forms?

A

From the sciatic notch to the ischial tuberosity… forms the lesser sciatic notch

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3
Q

Sacrospinous ligament forms?

A

From the sacrum to the ischial spine… forms the greater sciatic foramen

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4
Q

The greater sciatic foramen is the passageway?

A

The greater sciatic foramen is the passageway for structures leaving the pelvis like the sciatic nerve

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5
Q

The lesser sciatic foramen is the passageway?

A

The passageway for structures leaving the perineum like the pudendal nerve

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6
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas major, Psoas minor, iliacus, quadratus lumborum

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7
Q

What is IT band syndrome?

A

Repetitive strain of IT band
Friction between the soft tissue and lateral epicondyle causes pain and inflammation

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8
Q

Name the artery pathway starting at common iliac artery?

A

internal Iliac artery and external iliac artery which changes to femoral artery when travelling under inguinal ligament

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9
Q

What are the borders/contents for the femoral triangle

A

Inguinal ligament, sartorius, and adductor longus
Floor: pectineus and iliopsoas
Contents: Femoral vein, artery, nerve

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10
Q

What are the contents of the adductor canal/ hiatus?

A

Saphoneous nerve
Femoral artery, vein, nerve

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11
Q

What are the 5 P’s of the compartment syndrome?

A

Pain, Pallor, Paresthesia, Pulselessness, Paralysis

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12
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus Big 5?

A

Obturator Nerve (L2-L4)
Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3)
Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4-S1)
Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5-S2)

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13
Q

What travels through the fovea?

A

Obturator Artery

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14
Q

What kind of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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15
Q

What direction is most common in patellar dislocation?

A

Lateral

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16
Q

Knee Joint- Screw Home Mechanism?

A

Foot on surface (closed chain)
- to lock and straighten the knee, the knee locks by medially rotating the femur on the fixed tibia
- to unlock, the popliteus contracts, laterally rotates the femur on the fixed tibia

Foot off surface (open chain)
- to lock and straighten the knee, the knee locks by laterally rotating the tibia on the fixed femur
-to unlock the knee, the popliteus contracts, medially rotates the tibia on the fixed femur

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17
Q

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

After the adductor hiatus

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18
Q

What are the borders/ contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superolateral: Biceps femoris tendon
Superomedial: Semimembranosus and semitendinosus
Inferomedial: medial head of gastrocnemius
Inferolateral: Lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris

Contents: Politeal artery, politeal vein, Nerves

Bifurcation of sciatic nerve into tibial and common fibular nerve, sural nerve

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19
Q

Differences between Genu varum and genu valgum?

A

Genu varum- bow leg
Genu Valgum- KD shot, knocked knee

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20
Q

ACL Function?

A

Attaches to the posterior part of the medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur extending to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia

Prevents anterior displacement of the tibia and hyperextension of the knee

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21
Q

PCL Function?

A

Attaches to the posterior part of the lateral side of the medial condyle of the femur to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia

Prevents anterior displacement of femur on tibia or posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur and helps prevent hyperflexion of the knee joint

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22
Q

Medial Mensicus? Lateral meniscus?

A

C shaped and less mobile, more commonly injured

Circular, smaler, and more freely moveable than medial menisucus

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23
Q

What is the unhappy triad?

A

a ligament sprain injury involving the MCL, ACL, and medial meniscus

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24
Q

Lateral Collateral Ligament Location and function?

A

Extends from the lateral epicondyle to the lateral surface of the fibular head

Resists varus stress and tibial external rotation

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25
Medial Collateral Ligament Location and function?
Extends from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle and the superior part of the medial surface of the tibia Valgus stress
26
Where is the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints?
Fibular head and Lateral mallelous on fibular notch Responsible for IR and ER of the lower leg Talocrural DF/PF
27
Name the 3 5th metatarsal injuries?
Avulsion fracture at base of 5th metatarsal Jones fracture Stress fracture
28
What is the most commonly injured ligament in the lateral ankle? 2nd most commonly injured?
Anterior talofibular ligament Calcaneofibular ligament
29
Differences between high ankle sprain and lateral ankle sprain?
Inversion and involves the anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament DF with lower leg external rotation and involves the tibiofibular syndesmosis and anterior tibiofibular ligament
30
What are the Ottawa ankle and Foot fracture rules?
A: Posterior edge of lateral malleolus B: Posterior edge of medial malleolus C: Base of 5th metatarsal D: Navicular Ankle X ray if pain in malleolar zone, tenderness at A and/or B, and inability to bear weight Foot X Ray if pain in midfoot zone, tenderness at C and/ or D and inability to bear weight
31
What comprises the tarsal tunnel (medial malleolus)?
Tom DIck and Very Nervous harry T: Tibalis Posterior D: Flexor Digitorum Longus A: Tibial Artery V: Tibial Vein N: Tibial Nerve H: Flexor Hallucis Longus
32
What position is the great toe?
Adduction
33
What is a bunion?
1st ray is out of alignment Hallux valgus reduces medial longitudinal arch
34
What keeps the TOM DICK AND VERY NERVOUS HARRY in place?
Flexor retinaculum
35
What can also be injured in a lateral ankle sprain?
Fibular retinaculum Superior fibular retinaculum Inferior fibular retinaculum
36
What muscles/ ligaments make up the dynamic support/ passive support of the medial longitundal arch?
Dynamic: Tib ant, tip post, flexor hallucis longus, fibularis longus, plantar intrinsic muscles Passive support: Plantar aponeurosis, long plantar ligament, short plantar ligament, plantar calcaneclavicular
37
What is in both the medial and lateral longitudnal arches?
Calcaneus
38
What muscles/ ligaments make up the lateral longitudnal arch?
Fibularis Longus, Flexor Digitorum Longus
39
What muscles and ligaments make up the transverse arch?
40
Artery network starting at the popliteal artery?
Popliteal artery at Adductor hiatus, Posterior tibial artery at soleal line, Anterior tibial artery branches off (Dorsalis pedis pulse), fibular artery branches off PTA too, posterior tibial artery goes through tarsal tunnel
41
Arterial supply on the dorsal surface?
Anterior tibial artery becomes dorsalis pedis artery, Lateral tarsal artery branches off ATA, Arcuate artery
42
Arterial supply on plantar surface?
Posterior tibial artery goes to lateral plantar artery, medial plantar artery branches off PTA, Plantar Arch
43
Muscles of the foot- first layer?
ABductor digiti minimi, Flexor digitorum brevis, Abductor hallucis
44
Muscles of the foot- second layer?
Quadratus plantae, lumbricals
45
Muscles of the foot- third layer?
Flexor digiti minimi, Adductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis
46
Muscles of the foot- fourth layer?
Pad, Dab plantar interossei, dorsal interossei
47
48
The ____ divides the greater sciatic foramen into superior and inferior
Piriformis
49
Sciatica caused by____
Spondylosis and Spondylolisthesis
50
What is piriformis syndrome?
Part of sciatic nerve can pierce piriformis or piriformis can become chronically tight —- muscle contraction compresses nerve
51
Lateral femoral nerve entrapment (meralgia paresthetica)
Inguinal ligament - 2cm inf Causes: tight clothing, obesity, trauma, pregnancy, diabetes
52
Where can the femoral nerve be trapped?
Beneath iliopsoas tendon Inguinal ligament Femoral triangle Adductor canal
53
Obturator nerve entrapment? Caused by? Symptoms?
Injury to the nerve as it passes through the obturator canal Caused by anterior dislocation of hip and prostrate surgery Difficulty adducting thigh and decreased sensation over medial thigh
54
Superior gluteal nerve entrapment cause? Presents as?
Piriformis muscle compression Achy type butt pain Waddling gait Tender to palpating
55
Common fibular nerve injury? Symptoms?
Most common nerve injured in the lower limb Flaccid paralysis of all muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of leg The loss of dorsiflexion and eversion causes foot drop
56
Deep fibular nerve entrapment (ski boot syndrome)? Cause? Where does pain occur?
Excessive use of muscles supplied by the deep fibular nerve may result in muscle injury and edema in the anterior compartment Pain occurs in the disruption of the foot and usually radiates to the web space of the 1st and 2nd toes
57
Superficial fibular nerve entrapment? Cause? Pain where?
Chronic ankle sprains may produce recurrent stretching of the superficial fibular nerve Pain along the lateral side of the leg and the dorsum of the ankle and foot
58
Pudendal nerve entrapment? Found where?
Perineal pain while sitting Travels over the sascrospimous ligament and through the pidendal canal formed by the obturator fascia and ST ligament, emerging inferior to pubic bone To innervate perineum and genitalia
59
What is a popliteal cyst? Aka as?
Fluid filled growth behind the knee, common in children Baker cyst
60
Tibial nerve at tarsal tunnel entrapment? Symptoms?
Posterior to medial mallelous, deep to the flexor retinaculum Edema, synovial sheath tightness, heel pain
61
Sural nerve entrapment sites?
Fibrous arcade at lower lateral leg Baker cyst Gastric strains Fx of 5th metatarsal
62
Tarsal tunnel syndrome? Can also cause problems where?
When the tibial nerve is compressed in the tarsal tunnel Double crush causes back problems
63
What makes up the transverse tarsal joint? What is it's other name?
Chopart joint Calcaneocuboid joint Talocalcaneonavicular joint
64
What makes up the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
Plantar Calcaneonavicular (Sprint ligament) Plantar Calcaneocuboid (short plantar ligament) Long plantar ligament
65
What is LisFranc Injury?
Injury to Lisfranc ligament, dislocation Fracture of Metatarsal Medial cuneiform to 2nd metatarsal ligament Foot twisting
66
What is medial plantar nerve entrapment (Baxter's neuropathy)? May occur when? Also called?
Compressive irritation as it passes deep to the flexor retinaculum or curves deep to the abductor hallucis, in navicular tuberosity region May occur during repetitive eversion of the foot Jogger's foot
67
Which joints participate in pronation of the foot? What are its three movements?
Talocrural joint Subtalar joint Trantarsal joints Tarsometatarsal Ankle DF, hindfoot eversion, forefootabduction
68
Which joints participate in supination? What are its three movements?
Talocrural joint Subtalar joint Trantarsal joints Tarsometatarsal Ankle PF, hindfoot inversion, forefoot adduction
69
What is a chopart injury?
dislocation of the midtarsal joints of the foot, often with associated fractures of the calcaneus, cuboid, and navicular bone and transverse tarsal joint
70
What is Charcot Marie tooth?
neurological disorder high arch pes cavus or low arch pes planus claw toes
71
What is mallet toe? What are some causes?
Flexion of the distal phalanx of the long toe causes: bad fitting shoes, arthritis, trauma, neuromuscular and metabolic disease
72
What is hammer toe? Which muscles are weak which would allow this?
Proximal phalanx hyperextended at MTP, middle phalanx flexed at PIP, DIP hyperextended Lumbricals, PADs, and DABs
73
What is claw toe? Which toes?
Hyperextended at the MTP Flexion of the DIP Lateral 4 toes
74
What is Morton's toe?
2nd toe extends more distal than the other digits
75
What is Morton's neuroma?
inflammation nerve pain between 3rd and 4th toes
76
What are the anatomical borders/ surface borders of the urogenital triangle/ anal triangle?
Anterior border: pubic symphysis Lateral border: ischiopubic rami and ST ligament Inferior border: tip of coccyx Anterior border: mons pubis Lateral border: medial surface of thigh Inferior border: intergluteal cleft
77
What are the 3 muscles of the perineum?
Bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal muscle
78
What is the false pelvis vs true pelvis?
False pelvis (greater pelvis) are the bones True pelvis (lesser pelvis) is the inlet
79
Differences between male and female pelvis?
males is heavier with more attachment sites sacral promontory more prominent ischial spines more medial heart shaped(males) vs oval shaped(females) angle of pubic arch more narrow
80
5 S's of Pelvic Floor Function
Support, Sphinteric, Sexual, Stability, Sump and Pump

human gross anatomy (12 decks)

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