Test 1 Flashcards

(32 cards)

1
Q

Descriptive relativism

A

Someone who says people disagree, not what’s right or wrong or what they should do

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2
Q

Normative relativism

A

Says that all of them are right more or less. What’s right for this culture may not be right for that culture and vice versa.

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3
Q

Moral skepticism (relativism)

A

There is no fact of the matter about what is right.
How do you prove right and wrong? You can’t.

Mackie

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4
Q

Objections to relativism

A

Just because everyone disagrees what is wrong or right doesn’t mean there isn’t a fact of the matter.
It does not establish that no one is right and doesn’t establish that everyone is right.
Relativism seems tolerant but then you have to tolerate the worse cases like genocide.

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5
Q

Objections to relativism: moral hero problem

A

If what is right is determined by the majority culture, then that means that Gandhi is bad, MLK Jr. is bad, and Jesus is bad.

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6
Q

Objections to relativism: Absolutist counter claims (Lewis)

A

Says that there is some basic thing people will have agreement with even though there are so many differences. There are universal moral laws.

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7
Q

Psychological egoism

A

Says that everyone is selfish

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8
Q

Ethical egoist

A

Says that if everyone takes care of themselves then everything goes well

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9
Q

Egoism: Rand (objectivism)

A

Says that helping others harms the helper and the person being helped. It takes something away from the person helping and then creates or feeds a dependency to the person being helped. Helping people is wrong. Help themselves

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10
Q

Egoism: Nietzsche

A

Will to power, of values, master and slave morality

He wants the human race to all improve as a whole. Not wrong to help others but you don’t have an obligation to do so

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11
Q

Nietzsche : slave morality

A

Ex Christianity

Values kindness generosity
Vices: arrogance, selfishness

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12
Q

Nietzsche : master morality

A

Values: Pride, arrogance

Vice: sympathy

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13
Q

Arguments to egoism

A

Psychological:

Mother Teresa is as selfish as hurler? Doesn’t make sense

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14
Q

Utilitarianism: Act

A

Mill says what are the consequences for both actions? We do whichever brings the least pain to the world and the most pleasure

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15
Q

Utilitarianism: rule

A

An action is good when it follows a general rule that, when generally practiced, would produce greater happiness

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16
Q

Utilitarianism: higher pleasure

A

Intellectual pleasure; pleasure in excellence, involves creative and intellectual activities

17
Q

Utilitarianism: lower pleasure

A

Stuff we have in common with animals

Food, sleep, sex

18
Q

Utilitarianism: Experience Machine

A

Develop whatever scenario desired; program our reality. Go in for life.
Intends to show that Mill is up to something bad because ppl react badly to the machine.

19
Q

Utilitarianism: mill on experience machine

A

Brings creativity, gives time for people to embrace their pleasures. Connect with people you haven’t before. Can come out and give world what you created.

20
Q

Utilitarianism: Williams objections

A

2 thought experiments

21
Q

Deontology:

A

Requires acting in accord with w/ duty

22
Q

Deontology: Kant

A

Morality is the product of pure reason

23
Q

Deontology: Kant- categorical imperative

A

Supreme principle or moral law requires unconditional conformity

24
Q

Deontology: Kant- categorical imperative Step 1

A

Identify action you’re thinking of doing

25
Deontology: Kant- categorical imperative Step 2
``` Convert it to a subjective rule I may (steal) (lie) (cheat) etc ```
26
Deontology: Kant- categorical imperative Step 3
Universalized rule Ex anyone may (steal) (lie) (cheat)
27
Deontology: Kant- categorical imperative Step 4
Apply consistency test
28
Deontology: Kant- consistency of will test
Would I want this done to me ?
29
Kant: perfect duties
Don't kill Don't steal Don't lie Don't break promises
30
Kant: imperfect duties
Help others
31
Rand
The sacrifice of ones self interest for others is wrong cause it harms the sacrificer and the beneficiary
32
Mill
Happiness and pleasure and the absence of pain are the only things desirable as goals