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Anthropology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis results in…

A

The recombination of genetic material during cell division

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2
Q

Alternate forms of a gene that lead to a different expression of a trait are known as _______.

A

Alleles

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3
Q

The majority of a cell’s DNA is stored in an organelle called a ____.

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Human somatic cells have ____ chromosomes

A

46

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5
Q

Gametes have ____ chromosomes.

A

23.

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6
Q

What are the four sub fields of anthropology?

A
  1. Sociocultural
  2. Archaeology
  3. Linguistics
  4. Physical/Biocultural
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7
Q

True or False? All hominoids are mammals, but not all mammals are hominoids.

A

True

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8
Q

The study of human kind, viewed from the perspective of all people and all times (study of humans)

A

Anthropology

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9
Q

Study of past human societies; focus on material remains

A

Archaeology

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10
Q

Study of human biological evolution and human biocultural variation

A

Physical/biological anthropology

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11
Q

Study of the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culture

A

Biocultural evolution

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12
Q

An empirical research method in which data are gathered from observations, hypotheses are formed and tested, and conclusions are drawn that validate or modify the original hypotheses

A

Scientific method

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13
Q

A gradual development of something over time — acts on population

A

Evolution

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14
Q

Process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce —acts on individuals

A

Natural Selection

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15
Q

Describes how natural selection works; best “fit” for reproductive success

A

Survival of the fittest

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16
Q

Everyone was created in the image of God; nothing evolves or changes over time

A

Fixity of species

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17
Q

Effects of the earth happen over long periods of time

A

Uniformitarianism

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18
Q

Explain the Lamarckian Evolutionary Theory:

A

The theory that characteristics that developed in one generation will be passed on from one generation to the next

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19
Q

The diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adapted to specific environmental niches

A

Adaptive radiation

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20
Q

Measure of reproductive success

A

Fitness

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21
Q

A double stranded molecule that provides the genetic code for an organism, consisting of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and four types of nitrogen based

A

DNA

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22
Q

One or more alternative forms of a gene

A

Allele

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23
Q

Two of the same alleles

A

Homozygous

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24
Q

Two different alleles at same location

A

Heterozygous

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25
The genetic make up of an organism
Genotype
26
Physical expression of genetic material
Phenotype
27
All of the genetic information in the breeding population
Gene pool
28
The exchange of alleles between two populations; bringing genes from one population to another
Gene flow
29
Change in allele frequency over time due to random chance
Genetic drift
30
A random change in a gene or chromosome; only means of introducing new genetic variation into a species
Mutation
31
Not a blending of characteristics; units of inheritance; getting some characteristics from each parent
Mendelian Traits
32
One phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes; multiple genes impacted
Polygenic trait
33
An organelle that contains the majority of the DNA in a cell
Nucleus
34
The strand of DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotes that contains hundreds and thousands of genes; made up of DNA
chromosome
35
Discreet, functional units of chromosomes
Genes
36
Diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organism’s body
Somatic cells
37
Sexual reproductive cells; have a haploid number of chromosomes
Gametes
38
Results in the production of new cells with 46 chromosomes; creates 2 New identical daughter cells
Mitosis
39
Produces sex cells; produces 4 daughter cells with half the original amount of chromosomes
Meiosis
40
The exchange of genetic material resulting from a crossover event
Recombination
41
A gradual change in some characteristics from one population to the next
Cline
42
All of the population and their individual members that are capable of breeding with each other and producing viable fertile offspring
Species
43
A genetic blood disease where the red blood cells become sickle shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues; protects against malaria
Sickle cell anemia
44
When a population migrates or bottlenecks resulting in a change of allele frequency
Founder affect
45
Chance event that greatly reduces the size of the population
Genetic Bottleneck
46
A group of closely related indiviudals by genetics or ancestry; socially constructed way of categorizing people
Race
47
The belief that human behavior is controlled by an individual’s genes, brain size, or other biological attributes
Biological determinism
48
Learned behavior that is transmitted from person to person
Culture
49
Adaption to life in trees
Arboreal adaption
50
An organism or species becomes better suited to its environment
Adaption
51
A group of mammals in the order primates that have complex behavior, varied forms of locomotion, and the unique suit of traits (large brains, forward facing eyes, finger nails, reduced snouts)
Primate
52
A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species
Sexual dimorphism
53
Large body and brain size, long gestation and maturation period, forward facing eyes and color vision, more social grooming and sociability
Anthropoid
54
Larger body size, no tail, arms longer than legs (except humans), more complex behavior and cognitive abilities, longer period of infant dependency and development
Hominoids
55
Organism’s responses to external or internal stimuli
Behavior
56
The ability to intimidate or defeat another individual; not only achieved through violence but with displayed gestures; learned
Dominance
57
Refers to a behavior that benefits others while being a disadvantage to the individual
Altruism
58
The killing of a juvenile
Infanticide
59
Explain Anthropology’s colonial roots:
Started as a compulsion to describe the “other”; mostly European exploration; 12th-17th centuries; Lewis Henry Morgan: theory of social evolution, three stages:savage, barbaric, civilized
60
Describe the four sub fields of anthropology:
1. Linguistics- the study of human language and speech 2. Sociocultural- study of present day societies 3. Archaeology- past human societies 4. Physical- study of human biological evolution and human Biocultural variation
61
Explain the Darwinian theory of evolution:
Five concepts: 1. The shifting view of humanities’ position in the world and larger universe 2. Understanding species and how they can interact 3. Environmental impact on animals 4. Competition for resources 5. Geological history is really long and has been around for awhile
62
Explain natural selection:
The process by which organisms with features that enable them to adapt to the environment survive and reproduce; act on the individual; only acts on traits that directly or indirectly affect reproductive success
63
Explain the primate senses:
Heavy reliance on vision and touch but less on smell; diurnal primates have colorvision, while nocturnal primates, such as many prosimians, do not
64
What are the 4 mechanisms of inheritance?
1. Natural selection 2. Mutation 3. Gene flow 4. Genetic drift
65
Explain human genetic diversity in Africa vs the rest of the world
African populations are more variable than all of those outside of Africa because emergence of modern humans occurred in Africa, subsequent migrations did not include all the existing genetic variation, and substantial environmental variation in Africa has helped maintain high levels of variation.

Anthropology (5 decks)

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