Test 1 Flashcards
Dorsal cavity consists of
Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal) cavities
Ventral cavity consists of
Thoracic cavity: pleural cavities (lungs) and pericardial cavity (heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal and pelvic cavities (peritoneal cavity)
Pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities all lined
by a
serous membrane (pl. serosae)/fluid
-Serosae contain a thin layer of fluid – allows the organs (viscera)
within to move easily
Angiography
Images of blood vessels using contrast medium
-can inject a dye into the heart to view narrowing or blockages
Positron Emission Tomography
Detects radioactive isotopes injected into the body(not ideal)
• Taken up into metabolically active organs
-detects areas that take up a lot of sugar and water such as the brain and heart or tumours
Sonography
Ultrasound imaging
• Ultrasonic sound waves
• Examine from all planes and it is very safe
-Ultrasound cannot tell whether a tumor is cancer. Its use is also limited in some parts of the body because the sound waves can’t go through air (such as in the lungs) or through bone
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
• Detects elemental hydrogen in soft tissues (best method for looking at soft tissue) • Distinguishes tissues by water content • High contrast • Multiple scans create 3D image
fMRI
• Detects oxygenated blood flow
• Similar to a PET scan but better/safer
-pinpoint smaller brain areas/faster than PET scan
Tissues
group of cells of similar structure that work together on a common function
-Most organs contain several types of tissues
4 major tissues types:
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- muscle
- Nervous
what are the 2 types of epithelial tissue
- covering and lining epithelium
2. glandular epithelium
what are the 6 functions of epithelial tissue
- Protection*mainly
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Diffusion
- Filtration
- Sensory reception
what are some special characteristics of epithelial tissue
- made of many different cell types
- supported by connective tissue
- can regenerate
- mostly all avascular->no blood flow through layer (only below it)
Classification of Epithelia
by cell shape:
Squamous-flattened cells
Cuboidal-cube shaped
Columnar- long column shaped
or by # of cell layers:
Simple(one layer) vs. stratified (multi layers)
Simple Squamous
simplest of the epithelium
- diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important
ex. air sacs in lungs or blood vessels
simple cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorption (large spherical centred nuclei)
ex. kidney tubules
simple columnar epithelium
round to oval nuclei
- layer may contain mucus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
- absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes etc.
ex. in digestive tract
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells of differing heights
- nuclei seen at different levels
- may contain goblet cells and cilia
- secretion(mucus) and propelling mucus by ciliary action
ex. lining the human trachea
stratified squamous epithelium
thick layer that protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
- in places that brush up against other surfaces
- skin/mouth/vagina
stratified cuboidal epithelium
- two layers of cubelike cells
- protection
- in large ducts of sweat glands, mammillary glands and salivary glands
- more rare in humans
stratified columnar epithelium
- protection, secretion
- superficial cells elongated
- rare in the body
ex. small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
transitional epithelium
- looks like both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelium
- in tissues that need to expand and contract
- cells become elongated when filled with urine
ex. bladder
Endocrine Glands
- Ductless
- Secrete directly into surrounding fluid
- almost always Hormones
- Act throughout the body (stay within the body)
ex. thyroid gland
Exocrine Glands
• Secrete onto the body surface or cavities
• Act locally (don’t travel)
ex. Sweat glands