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Anatomy > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

• Heart wall

A

Epicardium
• Myocardium
• endocardium

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2
Q

Cardiac Skeleton (4 functions?)

A 
• Lies between the atria and ventricles
– Anchors the valves
– Prevents over-dilation
– Point of attachment (fibrous ring)
– Blocks electrical signals
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3
Q

fasciae adherens

A

binds the ends of cells to allow the force of one cell to be transmitted to adjacent ones

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4
Q

blood supply to the heart

A

left and right coronary arteries get blood from aortic canal, goes into coronary arteries, into capillaries, aortic veins, into coronary sinus and then right atrium

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5
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

=not getting enough oxygen to heart muscle

  • angina: mild, presents chest pain
  • Myocardial infraction(heart attack): complete arterial blockage, cells begin to die because of lack of oxygen
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6
Q

Heart Failure

A

=progressive weakening of the heart as it fails to keep up with blood pumping and oxygen demands

– Congestive heart failure: heart enlarges while pumping efficiency declines
– Pulmonary hypertension: enlargement and sometimes ultimate failure of right ventricle resulting from elevated BP in pulmonary circuit

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7
Q

Arrhythmia

A

=variation from normal heart beat
-fibrillation: rapid, random firing of ventricular muscle (ventricular fibrillation) or of the AV node (atrial fibrillation)

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8
Q

after centrifugation of blood sample

A

top: plasma (less dense, 55% of whole blood)
Middle: buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets, <1% of whole blood)
Bottom: erythrocytes (most dense, 45% of whole blood)
*buffy coat + erythrocytes = formed elements

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9
Q

Plasma

A
  • 90% water
  • Ions (Na+, Cl-)
  • Sugars
  • Amino acids
  • Waste (urea, ammonia, CO2)
  • Oxygen
  • Hormones
  • proteins
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10
Q

3 plamsa proteins

A

• Albumin
– Keeps water from diffusing out of the vessels
• Globulins
– Antibodies
– Proteins to transport fat, iron and copper
• Fibrinogen
– Helps in blood clotting

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11
Q

Blood Cells

A 
• Most are not true cells
– Lack some components
– Cannot divide
• 3 groups of blood cells:
– Erythrocytes
– Leukocytes
– Platelets
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12
Q

Erythrocytes

A 
• Red blood cells
• Most numerous
• Biconcave shape for flexibility
• No nuclei or organelles
– Filled with hemoglobin to
carry oxygen
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13
Q

Leukocytes

A 
• White blood cells (complete cells)
• Defense
• Granulocytes:
– Neutrophils
– Eosinophils-> turn off allergic response, kill parasites 
– Basophils-> release histamine
• Agranulocytes:
– Lymphocytes
– Monocytes
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14
Q

Platelets

A
  • AKA Thrombocytes
  • Clotting-create a mesh
  • Adhere to exposed collagen at the site of the tear to seal it
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15
Q

Common among arteries and veins

A

• Tunica intima: superficial

  • endothelium: smooth muscle
  • subendothelial layer
  • internal elastic layer (only in arteries, more stretch and recoil)

• Tunica media:
-changes the diameter, artery has elastic fibres

• Tunica externa:
-has collagen fibres, site of platelet attachment

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16
Q

Arteries

A

• Elastic arteries:
- largest, near the heart
• High in elastin in the walls to dampen blood pressure

  • Muscular arteries: smaller, distant
  • Thick tunica media allows control of the size of the lumen
  • Arterioles: smallest, near tissues
  • 1-2 layers of smooth muscle (not as much)
17
Q

3 types of capillaries

A
  1. Continuous: skin/muscle
    least permeable, most common, lots of tight junctions
  2. Fenestrated: kidney/small intestine
    important in locations with lots of diffusion, fenestration/pores = largest passage of space
  3. Sinusoid: liver/bone marrow/spleen
    most permeable, found in spleen and bone marrow where there is need for passage of cells
18
Q

vascular shunt

A

bypasses true capillaries

  • metarteriole + thoroughfare channel
  • used primarily when capillary sphincters are closed
19
Q

Veins (differences between artery )

A
  • Larger lumen
  • Thicker tunica externa
  • Less elastin
  • Thin walled
  • Contain about 65% of the blood at any given time
20
Q

Vascular Anastomoses

A

• Similar to a nerve plexus
-junction of blood vessels
• Blood vessels unite and branch so that tissues can
receive blood flow from various vessels
• Protects from damage to individual muscles

21
Q

Lymphatic System`

A 
• Surrounds capillaries to collect and return excess
fluid to the circulation -> Water, small proteins, ions
• One-way system towards the heart
 Order of lymph vessels:
• Lymphatic capillaries
• Collecting lymphatic vessels
• Lymph nodes
• Lymph trunks
• Lymph ducts
22
Q

Collecting Lymph Vessels

A

• Collect lymph from capillaries
• Travel along side blood vessels
• Similar structure to blood vessels, but much thinner
layers
• Contain more valves than veins to prevent back flow
Lymph flow:
• Bulging of muscles/arteries pushes on the vessels
• Tunica media contracts
• Normal bodily movements

23
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

• Cleanse the lymph
of pathogens
• Contain many
macrophages

24
Q

Lymph Trunks

A

• Lymphatic vessels converge into trunks

  1. Lumbar trunk – lower limbs
  2. Intestinal trunk – fatty lymph from digestive tract
  3. Bonchomediastinal trunk – thoracic organs
  4. Subclavian trunks – upper limbs, neck
  5. Jugular trunks – head and neck
25
Q

Lymph Ducts

A

• Lymph trunks drain into ducts
• Thoracic duct – lumbar and intestinal trunks
converge at the cisterna chyli
• Right duct – right jugular, subclavian and
bronchomediastinal trunks
• Lymph drains into the veins near the internal
jugular vein

26
Q

Nasal Mucosa

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Contains goblet cells to secret mucus

Mucus contains lysozymes to destroy bacteria
Also creates a sticky layer to trap dust, particles, etc.
Cilia move the mucus to the back of the nose to ultimately end up in the stomach

27
Q

Nasal Conchae

A
  • Mucosa-covered “scrolls”

- Increases turbulence in the nose to increase filtering

28
Q

Pharynx

A

Connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
Nasopharynx above the uvula, part of the nose, contains the opening the ear (pharyngotympanic tube)

Oropharynx: : back of the mouth

Laryngopharynx: region contain the esophagus and the trachea (to the lungs). The epiglottis must be open for air to flow into the trachea

29
Q

Larynx

A

Vocalizations
Open airway
Directs air/food to right place

30
Q

Bronchus

A

Similar structure to the trachea

  • Mucosa
  • Firbromusculocartilaginous layer
31
Q

Pneumothorax

A

a condition where there is Air in the pleural cavity

Prevents normal decrease in pressure and breathing
-allowing the elastic lung to collapse like a deflating balloon

32
Q

Neural Control of Ventilation

A 
Reticular formation of the medulla
Pacemaker
Stimulate somatic motor neurons of the respiratory muscles
Phrenic and intercostal nerves
Rate can be modified by external input
Blood chemistry

Anatomy (10 decks)

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