Test #1 Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
What does the formula “G5P3114” mean?
A
G: Gravidity (pregnancies) 5: Five pregnancies P: Parity (delivery of baby @ term) 3: three full term babies delivered 1: # of preterm deliveries (<37wks) 1: # of abortions or miscarriage 4: # of living children
2
Q
Delivery of a term baby (live or dead)
A
Parity
3
Q
Number of Pregnancies
A
Gravidity
4
Q
Pregnancy that terminates before the 20th wk of gestation, or when the fetus weighs <500gms
A
Abortion or Miscarriage
5
Q
Woman that has never been pregnant
A
Nulligravida
6
Q
Woman that has been pregnant once
A
Primigravida
7
Q
Woman who has been pregnant more than once
A
Multigravida
8
Q
Woman that was pregnant but did not deliver the baby
A
Nullipara
9
Q
Woman had one delivery b/w the 20th & 37th wk of gestation, or the baby weighs more >500gms (alive or dead)
A
Primipara
10
Q
Several deliveries
A
Multipara
11
Q
Woman w/ more than 6 deliveries
A
Grand Multipara
12
Q
Woman in labor
A
Parturient
13
Q
Woman’s state 6 wks after delivery
A
Puerpera
14
Q
Subcutaneous fat pad over the pubic symphysis
A
Mons pubis
15
Q
Outside of the vulva. From the Mons pubis to the pos. peritoneum
A
Labia Majora
16
Q
Inside the Labia Majora. Small cutaneous fold. Meets at the Fourchette posteriorly
A
Labia Minora
17
Q
Vaginal Opening
A
Introitus
18
Q
Covers the clitoris
A
Frenulum
19
Q
Opening inside the labia minora
A
Vestibule
20
Q
Inside the vestibule. In a V shape. On either side are 2 glands called the Skene’s glands. Similar to prostate in man. Used for lubrication
A
Urethral Opening
21
Q
Thin membrane that breaks after 1st intercourse
A
Hymen
22
Q
B/w the fourchette & the anus. Where all the tendons are attached. Usually torn in delivery
A
Perineal Body
23
Q
From the vulva to the uterus. Located pos. to the bladder & ant. to the rectum. Lined w/ stratified squamous cells
A
Vagina
24
Q
At the superior portion of the vagina
A
Fornix
25
Pouch located pos. to the vagina
Cul de sac of Douglas
26
Suspensory ligs. of the vagina
Levator Ani
| Cardinal lig.
27
Folds on top of the bladder, weighs about 11oz, 3in high & 3 in wide & 1in thick
Uterus
28
What are 2 ligs that support the uterus?
Round lig
| Broad lig
29
Portion of the uterus that is inside the vagina
Cervix
30
What are the layers of the uterus from outside to inside?
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
31
What are the 3 layers of the endometrium?
```
Basal layer (attaches to myometrium)
Spongiosum layer (shed during menstration)
Compacta layer (shed during menstration)
```
32
What is the normal position of the uterus?
Anteverted
33
What part of the fallopian tubes attaches to the uterus & is the narrowest portion?
Isthmus
34
What part of the fallopian tubes that is the widest & longest. Where fertilization usually happens
Ampulla
35
What part of the fallopian tubes that is funnel shaped
Infundibulum
36
What part of the fallopian tubes that is finger-like projections on the end of the infundibulum. Covered w/ ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Fimbria
37
Lig. from the bladd to the ant. wall of the uterus
Anterior lig. AKA vesicouterine lig.
38
Lig. from the rectum to the pos. wall of the uterus
Pos. lig AKA Rectouterine lig
39
Lig that sandwiches part of the fallopian tubes & ovaries. Also attached to the round lig.
Lat. lig. AKA Broad lig.
40
Lig. from the sacrum to the pos. wall of the uterus. Sacral subluxation can pull on uterus & twist it
Sacraluterine lig.
41
Lig from the fundus through the inguinal canal & then to the labia majora
Round lig.
42
Lig. that supports the upper portion of the vagina & the lat. portion of the pelvis
Cardinal lig. AKA Mackerrodt's lig
43
Lig that attaches the ovaries to the uterus
Ovarian lig.
44
When is a pelvic exam done?
After 1st intercourse
After 18 yrs of age
If there are any symptoms/problems to indicate it
45
What are the 3 components of a pap smear?
Endocervical swab - spiral brush
Cervical scrape - Scrape cells from outside of cervix
Vaginal Pool - Get fluid & cells from pos fornix
46
During an internal vaginal (digital) exam, if the cervix is soft it could indicate what? if not movable?
May be pregnant; probably adhesions
47
During an internal vaginal (digital) exam, if the fundus is at the level of the umbilicus, but symmetrical & smooth & non-painful, it could indicate what?
Probably pregnant
48
Smallest portion of the glands of the breast
Lobules
49
Several lobules together
Lobe
50
These connect lobules to lobes
Sinus
51
These connect all the lobes together
Lactiferous ducts
52
Where do lactiferous ducts end?
At the nipple
53
This surrounds all the lobules & lobes
Fat
54
These ligs. support fat & lobules
Suspensory ligs. of Copper
55
This muscle serves as an attachment point for the pos. breast
Pec Major
56
This can happen as a result of fluctuations of hormones that influence the breast tissue
Benign breast changes
57
Examples of benign breast changes?
Benign lumps
Tenderness
Nipple discharge
58
This benign breast disease involves the glandular tissue & connective tissue. Common b/w 30-45. Has fibrosis/scar tissue forming, is painful & tender, present bilaterally. Assoc w/ menstrual cycle
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
59
Benign breast disease that involves the glandular tissue & connective tissue. Common b/w teens & 20's & black women. Is a single lump, not a cyst. Painless. Not assoc. w/ menstrual cycle
Fibroadenoma
60
Small benign tumor that grows inside the breast duct (close to nipple), involves vascular tissue around the duct, more common w/ menopausal women, unilateral, bloody nipple discharge, painful
Intraductal papilloma
61
Caused from trauma to fatty portion of the breast, forms a lump, tender, more common in obese women
Fat Necrosis
62
Benign breast disease where the duct is abstructed, find under the nipple, usually in women in their 40-50's, painful, swelling, dark green, sticky discharge
Mammary Duct Ectasia
63
Benign breast disease common in women that are breast feeding. Milk is thicker than normal & clogs the duct. If cyst dealt w/ early, can turn into abcess & get infected
Galactocele
64
Benign breast disease that occurs w/ women that are breast feeding. Infection M/C caused by staph. aureus. M/C in hospital when feeding child, gets crack/fissure in nipple, which then gets infected. Unilateral, painful, swollen
Pueroperal Mastitis
65
Birth Control pills cause what type of nipple discharge?
Milky discharge
66
Tranquilizers or sedative medication cause what type of nipple discharge?
Thin, green discharge
67
2nd M/C cancer in women after lung cancer
Breast cancer
68
75% of breast cancer occurs after what age?
50
69
What two genes have been linked to breast cancer?
BRCA-1
| BRCA-2
70
What is the M/C type of breast cancer?
Ductal Carcinoma
71
What are two types of ductal carcinoma?
In situ - stays in duct
| Infiltrating - leaves duct, infiltrates in the area
72
Type of breast cancer that makes up 10% of breast cancers
Lobular carcinoma
73
What are S/S of breast cancer?
```
Orange peel appearance
Skin contour altered
Nipple retraction
Prominate Venous Pattern
Unilateral problem
Edema
```
74
What quadrant does breast cancer M/C affect?
Upper outer (nipple is second)
75
In the TNM staging system, what does TNM stand for?
Tumor
Node (lymph node)
Metastasis
76
Under the TNM staging system, what are the different classifications of T (tumor)?
```
TX - can't be assessed
T0 - no evidence of primary tumor
Tis - carcinoma in situ
T1 - tumor is 2cm or less
T2 - tumor >2cm but 5cm
T4 - tumor has invaded chest wall or skin
```
77
Under the TNM staging system, what are the different classifications of N (node)?
```
NX - nearby nodes can't be assessed
N0 - no spread to nearby lymph nodes
N1 - has spread to 1-3 axillary nodes
N2 - has spread to 4-9 axillary nodes
N3 - has spread to 10 or more axillary nodes or other nodes are involved
```
78
Under the TNM staging system, what are the different classifications of M (metastasis)?
MX - presence of distant spread can't be assessed
M0 - no distant spread
M1 - spread to distant organs
79
Non-invasive breast cancers are what stage?
Stage 0
80
Invasive breast cancer up to 2cm in size w/ no lymph node involvement is what stage?
Stage I
81
Invasive breast cancer where:
1) no tumor is found in the breast but cancer cells are found in axillary lymph nodes
2) A tumor 2cm or less spread to axillary lymph node
3) Larger than 2cm but less than 5cm but no axillary lymph node involvement
Stage IIA
82
Invasive breast cancer that:
1) Larger than 2cm that includes axillary lymph node involvement
2) Large than 5cm but no axillary node involvement
Stage IIB
83
Invasive breast cancer subcategory that has:
1) no breast tumor (diffuse), cancer in axillary lymph nodes or other thoracic structures
2) 5cm or less that is spread to axillary lymph nodes or other thoracic structures
3) >5cm spread to axillary node or other thoracic structures
Stage IIIA
84
Invasive breast cancer subcategory that has:
1) Variable sized tumor w/ spread of cancer to chest wall or skin of breast
2) Axillary node involvement, may involve spread to other thoracic structures but not required
Stage IIIB
85
Invasive breast cancer subcategory that has no sign sign of localized breast cancer or if localized to tumor can be any size, metastasized to skin of breast, chest wall & is spread to infra- or supra-clavicular lymph nodes as well in addition to axillary
Stage IIIC
86
Invasive breast cancer subcategory that has spread to other organs (lungs, liver, bone, brain)
Stage IV (Metastatic cancer)
87
Type of breast cancer that involves the duct & extends to the nipple & areola. Will show eczema around the area. Will show puritis. Metastasis is very quick
Paget's Cancer of the breast
88
Type of breast cancer that has redness of the skin, hardening of the tissue, painful, edema, & extremely malignant
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
89
Hormone released from the hypothalamus. Stimulates the release of other hormones
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
90
Hormone from Anterior Pituitary. Stimulates the maturation of the Follicle inside the Ovaries
Follicule Stimulating hormone
91
Hormone from Anterior Pituitary. Stimulates ovulation
Lutinizing hormone
92
Hormone from Posterior Pituitary. Has 2 functions,stimulates uterine contractions & stimulates release of milk
Oxytocin
93
Hormone from anterior pituitary. Secreted only during breast feeding to stimulate milk production. Sends negative feedback to hypothalamus to inhibit ovulation
Prolactin
94
Hormone secreted by the follicle mainly. Also secreted by the adrenals. Ovarian/sex hormone. Largely produced in 1st half of cycle
Estrogen
95
What are the 3 types of estrogen?
Estrodiol (More prominate in reproductive years
Estrone
Estriol (More prominate during menopause)
96
What is thread like quality of mucous during ovulation called?
Spin barkeit (sp)
97
This hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum. Counter acts estrogen. Matures tissues and sustains pregnancy. Inhibits milk flow during pregnancy
Progesterone
98
What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular Phase
Ovulatory Phase
Luteal Phase
99
How long does the follicular phase last?
14 days
100
During the follicular phase what steps does a follicle go through to prepare for the ovulation phase?
Follicle --> primary follicle --> antrum (secondary oocyte) --> Graafian follicle
101
What is cramping assoc. w/ ovulation called?
Mittelschmerz
102
What is the ovum covered w/ when it is ovulated?
Zona pellucida & corona radiata
103
What is the main product of the luteal phase?
Creates corpus luteum
104
What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?
Progesterone
105
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization doesn't occur?
Becomes corpus albicans
106
This occurs d/t the withdrawal of progresterone & estrogen when the corpus luteum involutes
Menstration
107
What uterine changes occur during the follicular phase?
Endometrium proliferation
108
What uterine changes occur during the luteal phase?
Production of "uterine milk"
109
What cervical changes occur during the follicular phase?
Secretion of watery cervical mucus
| Spinnbarkeit - ferning pattern AKA arborization
110
What cervical changes occur during the luteal phase?
Cervical mucus thickens
"Hostile mucus"
Ferning pattern disappears
111
A group of s/s that occur during the luteal phase that can be physical, psychological, &/or social d/t hormonal imbalance. M/C 20-30 yr olds
PMS
112
What category of PMS is d/t excess of estrogen, related to mood swings, irritability, depression?
PMS A (anxiety)
113
Category of PMS where a woman usually crave refined sugars/carbs. Possible hypoglycemic problems, fatigue, headache, palpitations, high estrogen
PMS C (Cravings)
114
Category of PMS where there is swelling in the extremities, weight gain, headache, increase of estrogen
PMS H (hyperhydration)
115
Category of PMS that is rare, has low estrogen levels & high progesterone levels
PMS D (depression)
116
What is the cause of PMS?
May be d/t hormone imbalance, Vit. B6 deficiency, increased prolactin, imbalance in prostaglandin, hypothyroidism
117
Painful menses, cramps. M/C complaint related to gyn. pts.
Dysmenorrhea
118
What are the two types of Dysmenorrhea?
Primary - absence of pathologies
| Secondary - d/t pathology
119
What age group is M/C affected by primary dysmenorrhea?
Teenagers
120
What age group is M/C affected by secondary dysmenorrhea?
30's & 40's
121
Which type of dysmenorrhea is known as "charley horse of the uterus"?
Primary
122
What causes primary dysmenorrhea?
Due to a high level of prostaglandins which increase uterine contractions
123
What are some causes of secondary dysmenorrhea?
1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
2. Adenomyosis
3. Endometriosis
4. Fibroids
5. IUD (IntraUterine Device)
6. Polyps
7. Congenital abnormality of the Uterus
8. Cervical stenosis
124
What is the difference b/w PMS & dysmenorrhea?
PMS occurs during the luteal phase
| Dysmenorrhea occurs during the follicular phase
125
Abnormal vaginal bleeding is assoc. w/ what?
Systemic Disease
Cancer
Pregnancy Complications
126
Too much bleeding during a normal cycle
Hypermenorrhea
127
Normal bleeding that occurs too frequently (every 2 weeks)
Polymenorrhea
128
Intermenstrual bleeding or spotting
Metrorrhagia
129
Very light menstrual flow. Spotting
Hypomenorrhea
130
Menstrual periods w/ more than 35 days apart
Oligomenorrhea
131
Irregular periods & irregular flow
Menometrorrhagia
132
What are examples of reproductive tract diseases that cause abnormal bleeding?
Pregnancy complications
Intrauterine benign neoplasia
Reproductive tract malignancy
133
What are examples of systemic disease that cause abnormal bleeding?
Blood Dyscrasias
Endocrine Disorders
Liver Disease
134
What are examples of dysfunctional disease that cause abnormal bleeding?
```
Anovulation
Irregular ovulation
Obesity
Eating disorders
Trauma
```
135
Absence of menses
Amenorrhea
136
Type of amenorrhea with No period by age 14 with the absence of growth or development or secondary sex characteristics or No period by age 16, regardless of the presence of normal growth & development of secondary sex characteristics
Primary amenorrhea
137
What are the 4 classifications of primary amenorrhea?
w/ breast develoment, w/ or w/o uterus
| w/o breast development, w/ or w/o uterus
138
Type of amenorrhea where a woman who has been menstruating irregularly & has had no menses for 3 consecutive cycles or she has been menstruating regularly & has had no menses for 6 consecutive cycles
Secondary amenorrhea
139
Type of secondary amenorrhea which occurs when women are nursing, preggers, menopause
Physiologic amenorrhea
