Test 1 - Class Notes

Question 1

Norm

Answer 1

idea shared by a group concerning how individuals are expected to act under certain circumstances with positive or negative sanctions!

Question 2

What do rights and duties create?

Answer 2

Roles

Question 3

Anomie

Answer 3

pain of disorientation that comes when we are suddenly pushed/pulled away from our routine world that we took for granted

Question 4

Role set

Answer 4

set of roles that logically go together

Question 5

Role sector

Answer 5

relationships between 2(+) roles (ex: student-teacher, student-student, student-admin)

Question 6

What connects 2 different roles?

Answer 6

Norms

Question 7

What makes things thinkaboutable/talkaboutable?

Answer 7

Words

Question 8

Explain how we live in an invisible yet real social world

Answer 8

Our world is made up of “ideas” which aren’t visible BUT we find realness in the consequences of our actions

Question 9

Status set

Answer 9

all of one’s social positions

Question 10

Who invented the sociological imagination?

Answer 10

C. W. Mills

Question 11

What condition did Mills say we live in?

Answer 11

troubled times

Question 12

What constitutes troubled times according to Mills?

Answer 12

private troubles and public issues

Question 13

What is inadequate socialization to a position?

Answer 13

conforming; explains the idea that private troubles are sometimes another party’s public issues

Question 14

What makes up public issues?

Answer 14

Biography > social structure > history

Question 15

Role set

Answer 15

acting out a set of norms b/w 2 social identities that creates a norm

Question 16

For every social position you occupy, how many role sets should you have?

Answer 16

1

Question 17

What is the main idea of the sociological imagination

Answer 17

We live in a time of unease/ troubled times

Question 18

Values

Answer 18

higher-order norms

Question 19

Why do humans love routine so much?

Answer 19

We are creatures of habit; without routine we feel stress/anxiety

Question 20

In what 2 ways is structure imposed upon us?

Answer 20

through the macroworld and microworld

Question 21

Macroworld

Answer 21

behind the scenes structures that organize much of what exists in face to face interactions

Question 22

Microworld

Answer 22

intimate world of face to face interactions

Question 23

Example of microworld and macroworld

Answer 23

Your romantic relationship with someone is apart of your microworld BUT if you end it because your family and friends don’t like that person you’ve been influenced by your macroworld

Question 24

What 2 viewpoints are hard to distinguish because they share ideas about the social world?

Answer 24

sociological and economic

Question 25

Which 2 famous sociologists spent part of their careers in economics?

Answer 25

Mark and Weber

Question 26

What question do anthropologists typically ask?

Answer 26

How do they live?

Question 27

4 boundaries of sociology

Answer 27

economics, anthropology, political science and psychology

Question 28

What is the primary distinguisher of sociology and psychology?

Answer 28

their units of analysis

Question 29

What are psychology and sociology's units of analysis?

Answer 29

psyc: intra (the individual's internal processes) sociology: inter (interactions between people)

Question 30

How would sociologists study pupilometry?

Answer 30

Analyzing how pupils change when reactions to different people/situations

Question 31

Role strain

Answer 31

difficulty meeting basic demands of a role

Question 32

What would sociologists say is the cause of anxiety leading to high dropout rates at high schools?

Answer 32

Due to the interactions students have at school

Question 33

4 types of role strain

Answer 33

1. inadequate socialization to a position 2. conflict b/w our true self and what the role requires of us 3. role conflict 4. role competition-role overload

Question 34

behavioral vs attitudinal conformity

Answer 34

behavioral: we do what's expected to avoid negative sanctions attitudinal: conform due to the standards we've set for ourselves

Question 35

2 sources of role conflict

Answer 35

intra (w/in role set) and inter (w/in status set)

Question 36

role overload

Answer 36

having to choose to honor the demands of one role at the expense of another

Question 37

10 coping mechanisms

Answer 37

compartmentalization role hierarchy appeal to role-taking role-contraction role-withdrawal doctrinal conformity denial motive talk embarrassment judication

Question 38

compartmentalization

Answer 38

separate your roles into different settings as a way of organization

Question 39

appeal to role-taking

Answer 39

asking someone to put themselves in your shoes if they're having a hard time understanding why you are prioritizing your role over them/something else

Question 40

role-contraction

Answer 40

only meeting the essential demands of a role (ex: when you're busy during exams, just call your grandpa instead of going to visit. still meeting basic demands of the role)

Question 41

role-withdrawal

Answer 41

completely giving up a role

Question 42

doctrinal conformity

Answer 42

saying/doing what we think an audience wants us to due to fear of being negatively sanctioned (when not in their presence we'd act differently)

Question 43

membership group vs reference group

Answer 43

membership: group you're apart of reference: group you go to for help/advice

Question 44

motive talk

Answer 44

redefining a potentially painful situation in terms that are more personally/socially acceptable

Question 45

theories

Answer 45

conceptual processes involved in "making sense" of our empirical generalizations

Question 46

concepts

Answer 46

ideas that refer to a category of events

Question 47

3 types of functions produced by structure

Answer 47

manifest, latent & dysfunction

Question 48

manifest function

Answer 48

recognized and intended consequences that lead to the adaptation of the larger whole

Question 49

latent functions

Answer 49

UNrecognized and UNintended consequences that lead to the adaptation of the larger whole

Question 50

dysfunction

Answer 50

consequences have a negative impact on the larger whole

Question 51

explain the emergence of norms (1st vs 2nd time)

Answer 51

1st time: we're surprised, don't know what's expected of us 2nd time: we fall into a routine because we understand the structure of the new norm

Question 52

How do people view society according to SF theory?

Answer 52

as a living organism & holistically (change in 1 part leads to change in another part)

Question 53

how is society "whole" according to SF theory?

Answer 53

society is made up of a system of parts that each affect each other

Question 54

what is the building block of structure?

Answer 54

norms

Question 55

2 processes that maintain the system according to SF theory

Answer 55

socialization and social control

Question 56

socialization

Answer 56

as we grow, norms become internalized and we abide by them

Question 57

what did Hobbes ask that initiated conflict theory?

Answer 57

what are people like? and what kind of society do people produce?

Question 58

what are people like according to Hobbes?

Answer 58

self-interested and power-hungry

Question 59

power vs authority

Answer 59

power: ability to obtain one's will despite resistance authority: no resistance to overcome bc it's understood b/w ruler and the ruled that the exercise of power is justified

Question 60

Who focused on conflict theory at the individual level and at the group level?

Answer 60

individual: Hobbes group: Marx

Question 61

what did Marx say about scarce interests?

Answer 61

they center on the ownerships of the means of production in society. owners keep it this way and non-owners seek social change

Question 62

what happens to conflict when social classes are pitted against each other?

Answer 62

conflict is no longer random but is instead systematically generated by our position in the structure of society

Question 63

what kind of society do humans produce according to Hobbes?

Answer 63

a war of all vs all

Question 64

who said the war of all vs all becomes war of 1 social class vs another?

Answer 64

Marx

Question 65

2 main points of symbolic interactionism

Answer 65

people actively create their social world & act towards things on the basis of the meanings they have to us

Question 66

how do we learn meanings according to SI?

Answer 66

in interaction in the concept of symbols

Question 67

definition of the situation

Answer 67

as we go through life, we learn the names and ways associated with symbols and we store them in our common stock of knowledge

Question 68

what does it mean if everyone agrees on the same language/ideas?

Answer 68

they most likely all have the same definition of a situation

Question 69

4 steps to defining a situation

Answer 69

1. enter a situation with a goal 2. define the social identity of whoever we interact with and then negotiate a role 3. roles and expectations influence but don't necessarily determine how the interaction will play out 4. devise our performance on the basis of who we think the other person is (what their role is and how they'll act)

Question 70

role-taking

Answer 70

mentally putting ourself in the psychological position of the other and attempting to see the world from their perspective

Question 71

multidimensional analysis

Answer 71

relating 2(+) variables to see how related they are while simultaneously controlling for other factors

Question 72

spurious relationship

Answer 72

if the assumed IV turns out to not be the causal variable for the DV, the 2 now have a spurious relationship