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Botany Fall 2019 > Test 1 NEED TO KNOW > Flashcards

Test 1 NEED TO KNOW Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of primary meristems

A
  1. protoderm
  2. procambium
  3. ground meristem
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2
Q

thylakoid

A

a single pancake

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3
Q

stroma

A

open space in chloroplast

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4
Q

granum

A

a whole stack of pancakes

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5
Q

inner mmb

A

inside layer in chloroplast

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6
Q

outer mmb

A

outside layer in chloroplast

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7
Q

leaf veins- liliopsida

A

primary veins are parallel

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8
Q

flower parts- liliopsida

A

3’s

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9
Q

vascular cambium- liliopsida

A

absent

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10
Q

cork cambium- liliopsida

A

absent

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11
Q

seed leaves- liliopsida

A

1

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12
Q

common name- liliopsida

A

monocots

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13
Q

leaf veins- magnoliophyta

A

primary veins are branched

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14
Q

flower parts- magnoliophyta

A

4’s or 5’s

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15
Q

vascular cambium- magnoliophyta

A

present

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16
Q

cork cambium- magnoliophyta

A

uncommon

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17
Q

seed leaves- magnoliophyta

A

2

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18
Q

common name- magnoliophyta

A

dicots

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19
Q

Shade leaves

A

●broader, thinner
●fewer chloroplasts but larger
●darker (more chlorophyll)
●few trichomes

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20
Q

Sun leaves

A

●smaller, thicker
●more chloroplasts but smaller
●lighter (less chlorophyll)
●more trichomes

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21
Q

what kind of plants does the kingdom plantae include

A

all plants

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22
Q

Phylum ___; includes all flowering plants

A

magnoliophyta

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23
Q

Class ___; includes all monocots

A

liliopsida

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24
Q

Class ___; includes all dicots

A

magnoliophyta

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25
Q

Family ___; includes all grasses

A

poaceae

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26
Q

Which taxonomic group would include the greatest number of organisms?

A

kingdom

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27
Q

what are the characteristics used to define plants

A
  • alternation of generations
  • specialized tissues
  • multicellular eukaryote
  • starch stored as energy reserve
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28
Q

In scientific method, what is the experiment designed to test?

A

a hypothesis

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29
Q

plesiomorphy

A

an ancestral character used for differentiation

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30
Q

synapomorphy

A

shared recently derived character that shows relatedness among clades.

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31
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

a shared ancestral character that shows relatedness.

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32
Q

apomorphy

A

a recently derived character used to differentiate among clades.

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33
Q

monophyletic group

A

A phylogenetic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its the descendents

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34
Q

polyphyletic group

A
  • not considered a legitimate phylogenetic grouping

- includes organisms from multiple ancestors but doesn’t include the common shared ancestor.

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35
Q

parenchyma

A
  • large

- thin walled cells

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36
Q

collenchyma

A
  • irregular thick cell walls

- deep into epidermis

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37
Q

sclerenchyma

A
  • thick cell walls

- dead

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38
Q

characteristics of life

A
  • metabolism
  • cellularity
  • responsiveness (maintenance of homeostasis)
  • growth & development
  • reproduction
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39
Q

Cellulose is a critical component in the

A
  • primary cell wall

- secondary cell wall

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40
Q

elaioplast

A

lipid storage

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41
Q

chromoplast

A

storage of lipid soluble pigments

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42
Q

protoplast

A

Undifferentiated precursor for plant storage organelles

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43
Q

vacuole

A

storage of water soluble pigments

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44
Q

amyloplast

A

starch storage

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45
Q

leukoplast

A

colorless storage organelles

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46
Q

Green pigments for photosynthesis are stored in

A

chloroplasts

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47
Q

epidermis

A

outer most layer in plants without secondary growth

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48
Q

secretory tissues

A

produce various substances such as tannis, muscilage and oils

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49
Q

what kind of tissue is Sclerenchyma

A

simple

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50
Q

Sclerenchyma has star like what or elongated supporting cells called

A
  • sclereids

- fibers

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51
Q

what kind of tissue is the epidermis

A

Complex

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52
Q

the epidermis has irregularly-shaped parenchyma cells called

A

pavement cells

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53
Q

the epidermis has gas exchange openings called

A

stomata

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54
Q

what are stomata opened and closed by

A

gaurd cells

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55
Q

what kind of tissue is xylem

A

complex

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56
Q

what allows the most efficient transport of water due to their large diameter

A

vessel elements

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57
Q

Water can also be transported (less efficiently) through smaller-diameter tapered cells called

A

perforation plates

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58
Q

tracheids

A

allow lateral movement of water between adjacent cells

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59
Q

what can plug a tracheid

A

torus

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60
Q

microtubules

A

Chromosomes movement

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61
Q

nucleolus

A

locate of RNA

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62
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis

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63
Q

plastids

A

storage organelles

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64
Q

mitochondria

A

energy production `

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65
Q

vacuole

A

storage of water, acids,

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66
Q

plasmodesmata

A

Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent plant cells

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67
Q

true or false The cell wall and plasma membrane are both living structures.

A

false

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68
Q

Which of the following activities occur during the M phase of the cell cycle?

A
  • creation of two new daughter cells
  • chromosome division
  • organelle duplication
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69
Q

true or false Cell cycle proceeds most rapidly in cells of the apical meristems

A

true

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70
Q

discribe mitosis

A

division of nuclear contents

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71
Q

discribe anaphase

A

separation of sister chromatids

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72
Q

discribe prophase

A
  • breakdown of nuclear envelope

- spindle fibers attache at centromere

73
Q

discribe cytokinesis

A
  • division of cytoplasmic contents
74
Q

discribe metaphase

A

paired sister chromatids aline in center of cell

75
Q

discribe telophase

A
  • nuclear envelope reforms

- beginning of cell plate formation

76
Q

longest phase of the cell cycle

A

interphase

77
Q

what kind of DNA is in interphase

A

Chromatin

78
Q

G1 stage

A

large influx of water

79
Q

s stage

A

genetic material is copied

80
Q

G2 stage

A

copying of cytoplasmic contents.

81
Q

condensed DNA

A

Chromosomes

82
Q

in plant cells plasmodesmata forms, connecting adjacent daughter cells

A

true

83
Q

in plant cells a cell plate forms between the two daughter cells

A

true

84
Q

in plant cells golgi vesicles line up at what used to be the cell equator

A

true

85
Q

describe Meiosis II

A

the division portion of reduction division

86
Q

describe metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosome pairs aline along the equator of cell

87
Q

describe synapsis

A

pairing of homologous chromosomes

88
Q

describe prophase II

A

spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids

89
Q

describe Meiosis I

A

the reduction portion of reduction division

90
Q

describe metaphase II

A

alinement of sister chromatids along cell equator

91
Q

In diploid organisms, 2N and 2X mean the same thing.

A

true

92
Q

potato chromosomal ploidy.

A

tetraploid

93
Q

strawberry chromosomal ploidy.

A

octaploid

94
Q

tomato chromosomal ploidy.

A

diploid

95
Q

When is genetic variation introduced in plants during meiosis?

A
  • prophase I

- metaphase I

96
Q

what is the difference between x and n

A
  • n is used when talking about meiosis
97
Q

what plant classes include flowering plants

A
  • Liliopsida

- Magnoliopsida

98
Q

true or false vascular cambium present in some monocots

A

false

99
Q

true or false Secondary growth only occurs in Class Magnoliopsida.

A

true

100
Q

what kind of root system do monocots have

A

fibrous root

101
Q

what kind of root system do dicots have

A

taproot and lateral roots

102
Q

where do lateral roots grow from

A

pericycle

103
Q

function of root hairs

A

Water uptake is greatly increased in young roots

104
Q

where do root hairs grow from

A

Epidermis

105
Q

Put the regions of a growing root in number order, starting from the newest growth region to the oldest.

A
  1. root cap
  2. region of cell division
  3. region of elongation
  4. region of maturation
106
Q

describe herbaceous plants

A
  • dicots that die back at end of a growing season
  • monocots
  • little or no secondary growth
107
Q

true or false A typical plant’s root system is approximately 1/3 of its height.

A

true

108
Q

true or false All roots participate in absorption of water and dissolved minerals.

A

false

109
Q

Describe region of cell division

A

apical meristem matures into 3 primary meristems

110
Q

Describe region of maturation

A
  • root hairs present

- primary meristems mature into 5 primary tissues

111
Q

Describe root cap

A

Positive gravitropism

112
Q

Describe region of elongation

A
  • small vacuoles fuse and water storage increases

- cell walls loosen

113
Q

protoderm

A

found at the root surface,

114
Q

where is the procambium located

A

found at the center of the root

115
Q

ground meristem

A

found in the middle of the root

116
Q

the protoderm turns into what tissue

A

epidermis

117
Q

the procambium turns into what tissue

A

xylem and phloem

118
Q

the ground meristem turns into what tissue

A

cortex and pith

119
Q

What type of tissue makes up the cortex and pith?

A

parenchyma

120
Q

what is found as part of the endodermis in roots

A

passage cells and Casparian strips

121
Q

what is NOT part of the vascular cylinder in roots

A

endodermis

122
Q

what is produced from the pericycle

A
  • cork cambium \
  • vascular cambium
  • lateral roots
123
Q

Numbering from the outside in, identify the correct order of root features in a monocot.

A
  1. epidermis
  2. cortex
  3. endodermis
  4. pericycle
  5. phloem clusters
  6. loose ring of xylem
  7. pith
124
Q

What feature gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem in woody dicots?

A

vascular cambium

125
Q

true or false Secondary growth of xylem and phloem causes the primary xylem and phloem to remain immediately adjacent to the vascular cambium.

A

false

126
Q

describe phellogen

A
  • dead tissue produced to the outside of cork cambium
127
Q

Describe phelloderm

A
  • living tissue produced to the inside of cork cambium
128
Q

Describe periderm

A
  • protective tissue that replaces epidermis and cortex
  • replaces outer most layer in plants with secondary growth
  • the cork cambium and everything it produces
129
Q

Describe cork

A

another name for phellogen

130
Q

Roots that are modified for food storage store

A

starch

131
Q

what is starch stored in

A

amyloplast

132
Q

Which plant family includes wild cucumber, a gourd that produces an exceptionally large root modified for water storage?

A

Family Cucurbitaecea

133
Q

prop roots

A

anchor and support corn

134
Q

pneumatophores

A

allow swamp plants to obtain oxygen

135
Q

contractile roots

A

maintain proper soil depth in bulb plants

136
Q

propagative roots

A

shallow roots that that can sprout advantageous buds

137
Q

buttress roots

A

provide support for large trees in shallow soil

138
Q

true or false mistletoe: holoparasite

A

false

139
Q

ectotrophic mycorrhizae

A

grow between the cells of the roots but never directly enter

140
Q

endotrophic mycorrhizae

A

penetrate directly into the cells of the roots

141
Q

B horizon

A

subsoil

- lots of inorganic material

142
Q

o horizon

A

composed entirely of organic material

143
Q

C horizon

A

rocky parent material

144
Q

a horizon

A
  • topsoil

- lots of organics

145
Q

metamorphic rock

A

Rocks created due to extreme temperatures and pressures

146
Q

igneous rock

A

Rocks that are volcanic in origin

147
Q

sedimentary rock

A
  • Rocks that are created by the deposition of materials over time
  • have a layered appearance
148
Q

ideal soil composition for plants is a mixture called

A

loam

149
Q

how much sand, clay, and silt should there be in soil

A
  • 40%,20%, 40%
150
Q

what is NOT a function of stems

A

water absorption

151
Q

stipule

A

typically paired structures found in some dicots

152
Q

axillary bud

A

grows in upper angle between leaf and stem

153
Q

after bud scale shed the leave behind what

A

bud scale scares

154
Q

As the procambium develops into primary tissues in a stem, the phloem will be found deep (closer to the center) while the xylem will be closer to the surface. (stems)

A

false

155
Q

what can help you identify a monocot stem from a dicot stem in cross section?

A
  • Monocot stems do not have a centralized pith.

- Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundle “faces”.

156
Q

true or false regarding secondary growth in a woody dicot stem: As secondary growth proceeds, the primary phloem gets pushed further and further away from the primary xylem.

A

true

157
Q

true or false regarding secondary growth in a woody dicot stem: Secondary xylem grows to the inside of the vascular cambium.

A

true

158
Q

true or false The amount of phloem produced by the vascular cambium is about the same as the amount of xylem produced.

A

false

159
Q

secondary growth in a woody dicot stem is also known as

A

lateral growth

160
Q

what does lateral growth produce

A
  • transport tissues

- cork cambium

161
Q

what is wood

A

xylem

162
Q

what is springwood dominated by

A
  • large diameter vessel elements
163
Q

what is summerwood dominated by

A

small diameter tracheids

164
Q

what is true regarding heartwood

A

Resins and tannins make the wood dark

165
Q

What is the best description of a tylosis?

A

location where a parenchyma cell balloons into and ‘old’ primary xylem cell, making it non-functional

166
Q

Softwoods have xylem that is made mostly of tracheids without sclerenchyma fibers.

A

true q

167
Q

Hardwoods have sclerenchyma fibers and vessel elements in their xylem.

A

true

168
Q

Hardwoods are typically woody dicot trees like oaks, maples, and aspens.

A

true

169
Q

Softwoods are typically gymnosperms (i.e., cone-bearing trees such as pines).

A

true

170
Q

Sapwood is functional xylem

A

true

171
Q

Describe cork cambium

A

secondary growth tissue

172
Q

Describe bark

A

everything outside of vascular cambium

173
Q

Describe lenticel

A

gas exchange opening in cork

174
Q

what features that can be used to identify a specialized stem

A
  • axillary buds
  • nodes
  • internodes
175
Q

corm

A

Primarily stem with small # of papery leaves

176
Q

rhizome

A

underground reproductive stem that is typically horizontal

177
Q

tuber

A

underground storage stem

178
Q

stolon

A

above ground horizontal stem for asexual reproduction

179
Q

bulb

A

large bud with very small stem and fleshy leaves

Botany Fall 2019 (4 decks)

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