Test 1 NEED TO KNOW Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 types of primary meristems
A
- protoderm
- procambium
- ground meristem
2
Q
thylakoid
A
a single pancake
3
Q
stroma
A
open space in chloroplast
4
Q
granum
A
a whole stack of pancakes
5
Q
inner mmb
A
inside layer in chloroplast
6
Q
outer mmb
A
outside layer in chloroplast
7
Q
leaf veins- liliopsida
A
primary veins are parallel
8
Q
flower parts- liliopsida
A
3’s
9
Q
vascular cambium- liliopsida
A
absent
10
Q
cork cambium- liliopsida
A
absent
11
Q
seed leaves- liliopsida
A
1
12
Q
common name- liliopsida
A
monocots
13
Q
leaf veins- magnoliophyta
A
primary veins are branched
14
Q
flower parts- magnoliophyta
A
4’s or 5’s
15
Q
vascular cambium- magnoliophyta
A
present
16
Q
cork cambium- magnoliophyta
A
uncommon
17
Q
seed leaves- magnoliophyta
A
2
18
Q
common name- magnoliophyta
A
dicots
19
Q
Shade leaves
A
●broader, thinner
●fewer chloroplasts but larger
●darker (more chlorophyll)
●few trichomes
20
Q
Sun leaves
A
●smaller, thicker
●more chloroplasts but smaller
●lighter (less chlorophyll)
●more trichomes
21
Q
what kind of plants does the kingdom plantae include
A
all plants
22
Q
Phylum ___; includes all flowering plants
A
magnoliophyta
23
Q
Class ___; includes all monocots
A
liliopsida
24
Q
Class ___; includes all dicots
A
magnoliophyta
25
Family ___; includes all grasses
poaceae
26
Which taxonomic group would include the greatest number of organisms?
kingdom
27
what are the characteristics used to define plants
- alternation of generations
- specialized tissues
- multicellular eukaryote
- starch stored as energy reserve
28
In scientific method, what is the experiment designed to test?
a hypothesis
29
plesiomorphy
an ancestral character used for differentiation
30
synapomorphy
shared recently derived character that shows relatedness among clades.
31
symplesiomorphy
a shared ancestral character that shows relatedness.
32
apomorphy
a recently derived character used to differentiate among clades.
33
monophyletic group
A phylogenetic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its the descendents
34
polyphyletic group
- not considered a legitimate phylogenetic grouping
| - includes organisms from multiple ancestors but doesn't include the common shared ancestor.
35
parenchyma
- large
| - thin walled cells
36
collenchyma
- irregular thick cell walls
| - deep into epidermis
37
sclerenchyma
- thick cell walls
| - dead
38
characteristics of life
- metabolism
- cellularity
- responsiveness (maintenance of homeostasis)
- growth & development
- reproduction
39
Cellulose is a critical component in the
- primary cell wall
| - secondary cell wall
40
elaioplast
lipid storage
41
chromoplast
storage of lipid soluble pigments
42
protoplast
Undifferentiated precursor for plant storage organelles
43
vacuole
storage of water soluble pigments
44
amyloplast
starch storage
45
leukoplast
colorless storage organelles
46
Green pigments for photosynthesis are stored in
chloroplasts
47
epidermis
outer most layer in plants without secondary growth
48
secretory tissues
produce various substances such as tannis, muscilage and oils
49
what kind of tissue is Sclerenchyma
simple
50
Sclerenchyma has star like what or elongated supporting cells called
- sclereids
| - fibers
51
what kind of tissue is the epidermis
Complex
52
the epidermis has irregularly-shaped parenchyma cells called
pavement cells
53
the epidermis has gas exchange openings called
stomata
54
what are stomata opened and closed by
gaurd cells
55
what kind of tissue is xylem
complex
56
what allows the most efficient transport of water due to their large diameter
vessel elements
57
Water can also be transported (less efficiently) through smaller-diameter tapered cells called
perforation plates
58
tracheids
allow lateral movement of water between adjacent cells
59
what can plug a tracheid
torus
60
microtubules
Chromosomes movement
61
nucleolus
locate of RNA
62
rough endoplasmic reticulum
protein synthesis
63
plastids
storage organelles
64
mitochondria
energy production `
65
vacuole
storage of water, acids,
66
plasmodesmata
Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent plant cells
67
true or false The cell wall and plasma membrane are both living structures.
false
68
Which of the following activities occur during the M phase of the cell cycle?
- creation of two new daughter cells
- chromosome division
- organelle duplication
69
true or false Cell cycle proceeds most rapidly in cells of the apical meristems
true
70
discribe mitosis
division of nuclear contents
71
discribe anaphase
separation of sister chromatids
72
discribe prophase
- breakdown of nuclear envelope
| - spindle fibers attache at centromere
73
discribe cytokinesis
- division of cytoplasmic contents
74
discribe metaphase
paired sister chromatids aline in center of cell
75
discribe telophase
- nuclear envelope reforms
| - beginning of cell plate formation
76
longest phase of the cell cycle
interphase
77
what kind of DNA is in interphase
Chromatin
78
G1 stage
large influx of water
79
s stage
genetic material is copied
80
G2 stage
copying of cytoplasmic contents.
81
condensed DNA
Chromosomes
82
in plant cells plasmodesmata forms, connecting adjacent daughter cells
true
83
in plant cells a cell plate forms between the two daughter cells
true
84
in plant cells golgi vesicles line up at what used to be the cell equator
true
85
describe Meiosis II
the division portion of reduction division
86
describe metaphase I
Homologous chromosome pairs aline along the equator of cell
87
describe synapsis
pairing of homologous chromosomes
88
describe prophase II
spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids
89
describe Meiosis I
the reduction portion of reduction division
90
describe metaphase II
alinement of sister chromatids along cell equator
91
In diploid organisms, 2N and 2X mean the same thing.
true
92
potato chromosomal ploidy.
tetraploid
93
strawberry chromosomal ploidy.
octaploid
94
tomato chromosomal ploidy.
diploid
95
When is genetic variation introduced in plants during meiosis?
- prophase I
| - metaphase I
96
what is the difference between x and n
- n is used when talking about meiosis
97
what plant classes include flowering plants
- Liliopsida
| - Magnoliopsida
98
true or false vascular cambium present in some monocots
false
99
true or false Secondary growth only occurs in Class Magnoliopsida.
true
100
what kind of root system do monocots have
fibrous root
101
what kind of root system do dicots have
taproot and lateral roots
102
where do lateral roots grow from
pericycle
103
function of root hairs
Water uptake is greatly increased in young roots
104
where do root hairs grow from
Epidermis
105
Put the regions of a growing root in number order, starting from the newest growth region to the oldest.
1. root cap
2. region of cell division
3. region of elongation
4. region of maturation
106
describe herbaceous plants
- dicots that die back at end of a growing season
- monocots
- little or no secondary growth
107
true or false A typical plant's root system is approximately 1/3 of its height.
true
108
true or false All roots participate in absorption of water and dissolved minerals.
false
109
Describe region of cell division
apical meristem matures into 3 primary meristems
110
Describe region of maturation
- root hairs present
| - primary meristems mature into 5 primary tissues
111
Describe root cap
Positive gravitropism
112
Describe region of elongation
- small vacuoles fuse and water storage increases
| - cell walls loosen
113
protoderm
found at the root surface,
114
where is the procambium located
found at the center of the root
115
ground meristem
found in the middle of the root
116
the protoderm turns into what tissue
epidermis
117
the procambium turns into what tissue
xylem and phloem
118
the ground meristem turns into what tissue
cortex and pith
119
What type of tissue makes up the cortex and pith?
parenchyma
120
what is found as part of the endodermis in roots
passage cells and Casparian strips
121
what is NOT part of the vascular cylinder in roots
endodermis
122
what is produced from the pericycle
- cork cambium \
- vascular cambium
- lateral roots
123
Numbering from the outside in, identify the correct order of root features in a monocot.
1. epidermis
2. cortex
3. endodermis
4. pericycle
5. phloem clusters
6. loose ring of xylem
7. pith
124
What feature gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem in woody dicots?
vascular cambium
125
true or false Secondary growth of xylem and phloem causes the primary xylem and phloem to remain immediately adjacent to the vascular cambium.
false
126
describe phellogen
- dead tissue produced to the outside of cork cambium
127
Describe phelloderm
- living tissue produced to the inside of cork cambium
128
Describe periderm
- protective tissue that replaces epidermis and cortex
- replaces outer most layer in plants with secondary growth
- the cork cambium and everything it produces
129
Describe cork
another name for phellogen
130
Roots that are modified for food storage store
starch
131
what is starch stored in
amyloplast
132
Which plant family includes wild cucumber, a gourd that produces an exceptionally large root modified for water storage?
Family Cucurbitaecea
133
prop roots
anchor and support corn
134
pneumatophores
allow swamp plants to obtain oxygen
135
contractile roots
maintain proper soil depth in bulb plants
136
propagative roots
shallow roots that that can sprout advantageous buds
137
buttress roots
provide support for large trees in shallow soil
138
true or false mistletoe: holoparasite
false
139
ectotrophic mycorrhizae
grow between the cells of the roots but never directly enter
140
endotrophic mycorrhizae
penetrate directly into the cells of the roots
141
B horizon
subsoil
| - lots of inorganic material
142
o horizon
composed entirely of organic material
143
C horizon
rocky parent material
144
a horizon
- topsoil
| - lots of organics
145
metamorphic rock
Rocks created due to extreme temperatures and pressures
146
igneous rock
Rocks that are volcanic in origin
147
sedimentary rock
- Rocks that are created by the deposition of materials over time
- have a layered appearance
148
ideal soil composition for plants is a mixture called
loam
149
how much sand, clay, and silt should there be in soil
- 40%,20%, 40%
150
what is NOT a function of stems
water absorption
151
stipule
typically paired structures found in some dicots
152
axillary bud
grows in upper angle between leaf and stem
153
after bud scale shed the leave behind what
bud scale scares
154
As the procambium develops into primary tissues in a stem, the phloem will be found deep (closer to the center) while the xylem will be closer to the surface. (stems)
false
155
what can help you identify a monocot stem from a dicot stem in cross section?
- Monocot stems do not have a centralized pith.
| - Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundle "faces".
156
true or false regarding secondary growth in a woody dicot stem: As secondary growth proceeds, the primary phloem gets pushed further and further away from the primary xylem.
true
157
true or false regarding secondary growth in a woody dicot stem: Secondary xylem grows to the inside of the vascular cambium.
true
158
true or false The amount of phloem produced by the vascular cambium is about the same as the amount of xylem produced.
false
159
secondary growth in a woody dicot stem is also known as
lateral growth
160
what does lateral growth produce
- transport tissues
| - cork cambium
161
what is wood
xylem
162
what is springwood dominated by
- large diameter vessel elements
163
what is summerwood dominated by
small diameter tracheids
164
what is true regarding heartwood
Resins and tannins make the wood dark
165
What is the best description of a tylosis?
location where a parenchyma cell balloons into and 'old' primary xylem cell, making it non-functional
166
Softwoods have xylem that is made mostly of tracheids without sclerenchyma fibers.
true q
167
Hardwoods have sclerenchyma fibers and vessel elements in their xylem.
true
168
Hardwoods are typically woody dicot trees like oaks, maples, and aspens.
true
169
Softwoods are typically gymnosperms (i.e., cone-bearing trees such as pines).
true
170
Sapwood is functional xylem
true
171
Describe cork cambium
secondary growth tissue
172
Describe bark
everything outside of vascular cambium
173
Describe lenticel
gas exchange opening in cork
174
what features that can be used to identify a specialized stem
- axillary buds
- nodes
- internodes
175
corm
Primarily stem with small # of papery leaves
176
rhizome
underground reproductive stem that is typically horizontal
177
tuber
underground storage stem
178
stolon
above ground horizontal stem for asexual reproduction
179
bulb
large bud with very small stem and fleshy leaves
