Test 2 Flashcards
(248 cards)
1
Q
what is true regarding Protista?
A
- They are all eukaryotes.
- The majority of protists are aquatic.
- Protists are a polyphyletic group.
2
Q
what phylum include protist
A
Chlorophyta
3
Q
protist photosynthesize using ______ and the storage of energy in the form of _____?
A
- chlorophylls a and b
- starch
4
Q
what is the common name for protist in the phylum chlorophyta
A
green algae
5
Q
Oedogonium
A
- netlike chloroplasts with scattered pyrenoids
- rounded filament tip produces zoospores that will produce new filament via mitosis
6
Q
Phylum cryptophyta
A
- bilobed chloroplast
- phycobilins
- starch
7
Q
chlamydomonas
A
- single cup-shaped chloroplast with one large pyrenoid
- billion year old freshwater algae
8
Q
Spirogyra
A
- coiled chloroplasts with bead-like pyrenoids along length
- sexual reproduction via conjugation
- fragmentation
9
Q
aplanospore
A
non motile spore
10
Q
zoospore
A
swimming spores
11
Q
statospore
A
resting spore
12
Q
tetraspore
A
spore produced by diploid red algae
13
Q
what is the phylum that includes algae that uses a variety of colored pigment other than chlorophylls
A
Phylum Chromophyta
14
Q
what class are diatoms included?
A
Bacillariophyceae
15
Q
how do diatoms asexually reproduce?
A
shrinking division
16
Q
what are diatoms coverings made out of
A
silica
17
Q
what phylum includes golden brown algae
A
chromophyta
18
Q
what classes includes golden brown algae
A
- Chrysophyceae
- Phaophyceae
19
Q
what phylum includes red algae
A
Rhodophyta
20
Q
the “whirling” double-flagellated algae are in Phylum _____?
A
Dinophyta
21
Q
what phylum includes algae that protect themselves with ejectosomes
A
Cryptophyta
22
Q
the algae in Phylum _____ which exhibit positive phototaxis but can also act as predators.
A
Euglenophyta
23
Q
fucus
A
Multicellular algae with plant like thallus
24
Q
euglena
A
- non obligate photosynthesizer that responses to light
- mitosis only; sexual reproduction unknown
25
Acetabularia
2 in cells
26
volvox
colonial green algae
27
During sexual reproduction in Fucus, the blade tips swell into structures called receptacles . These structures will hollow out into spaces called _____?
receptacles
28
receptacles are filled with ____ that produce gametes
conceptacles
29
If the Fucus thallus is male, the gamete-producing structures are called ?
gametangia
30
how many sperms are produced from focus gametangia and how
- 64
| - meiosis followed by mitosis 4x
31
If the Fucus thallus is female, the gamete-producing structures are called?
oogonia
32
Fucus oogonia that will produce _____ eggs by going through _____ one time followed by _____ one time
- 8
- meiosis
- mitosis
33
trichogyne
spike like feature of a carpogonium where sperm attach
34
spermatia
non motile male gametes
35
tetrasporophyte
diploid thallus
36
cystocarp
swollen structures that develops around a zygote
37
carpogonium
Specialized female gametangium
38
male or female gametophyte
haploid thallus
39
spermatangium
Specialized male gametangium
40
tetraspores
produced through meiosis
41
Phylum Rhodophyta
- phycobilins
| - Floridean starch
42
Phylum Dinophyta
xanthophyll plus chlorophyll a and c
43
Phylum Chlorophyta
- chlorophyll a and b
| - starch
44
Which of the following algal structures are haploid?
- male and female gametophyte thalli in Phylum Rhodophyta
- Chlamydomonas adult
- filament cells of Ulothrix
- adult cells of Oedogonium
- adult cells of Spirogyra
45
ulothrix
filament cells produce zoospores via mitosis; will settle and produce new holdfast & filament cells
46
Sexual reproduccion for fucus
1. receptacles form on male and female thalli
2. conceptacles develop with gametangia inside
3. gametangia produce gametes
4. fertilization occurs between gametes that have been released into the water
5. zygotes develop into new male or female thalli
47
Which of the following is an required input for the Calvin cycle?
- NADPH
- carbon dioxide
- ATP
48
What is the source of the energy-carrier molecules that participate in the Calvin cycle?
They are generated during the light reactions
49
rubisco
enzyme that allows the rxn to proceed
50
3-PGA
stable 3c intermidate
51
RuBP
5c molecule to which carbon will get fixed
52
what does 3-PGA get converted to in the Calvin cycle
G3P
53
what are the products of the Calvin cycle
- glucose
- starch
- cellulose
54
Which molecule must be regenerated from 3-PGA in order for the Calvin cycle to continue?
RuBP
55
The entry of 6 molecules of CO2 into the Calvin cycle will result in the production of ____ molecules of 3-PGA. (Calvin cycle )
12
56
This stable 3C intermediate will be converted into ___ molecules of G3P by ____ molecules of ATP and ___ molecules of NADPH. (Calvin cycle)
12,12,12
57
Sugars will be produced using ____ molecules of G3P, the remaining ___ molecules will be used to regenerate ___ molecules of RuBP in a process that will require and additional ___ molecules of ATP. (Calvin cycle)
2, 10, 6, 6
58
Overall, the Calvin cycle will use a total of ____ molecules of ATP and ____ molecules of NADPH to convert ___ molecules of CO2 into ____ molecules of G3P for generating ___ glucose molecule while also re-generating RuBP.
18, 12,6, 2,1
59
Which of the following is true regarding rubisco?
Rubisco is capable of binding either carbon dioxide or oxygen, depending on which gas is more prevalent.`
60
Which of the following is true regarding the C3 pathway?
- It is a pathway that can be used by ALL plants, even C4 and CAM plants.
- It is named after the 3C intermediate, 3-PGA.
- It is the most common photosynthetic pathway.
61
Which of the following is NOT true regarding C4 photosynthesis?
It is an alternative pathway for ALL types of plants, including C3 and CAM plants.
62
stroma
location for Calvin cycle in C3 and CAM plants
63
malate
Temporary C02 storage molecules for C4 and CAM plants
64
C3 pathway
alternative for C4 and CAM plants
65
vacuole
Temporary nighttime storage for C02 source in CAM plants
66
bundle sheath
location for Calvin cycle in C4 plants
67
NADPH
Provides energy for moving substances in and out of various locations during C4 and CAM
68
Which of the following is true regarding the various photosynthetic pathways?
- Carbon dioxide entry occurs during the day in C3 and C4 plants.
- CAM photosynthesis occurs in the daytime.
- C4 photosynthesis occurs in the daytime.
- Carbon dioxide entry occurs at night in CAM plants.
- C3 photosythesis occurs in the daytime.
69
Which molecule binds CO2 during C4 photosynthesis?
PEP
70
Which molecule binds CO2 during CAM photosynthesis?
OAA
71
Which of the following is true regarding CAM photosynthesis?
- It is used by plants adapted to life in arid regions.
- It is named after the plant family in which it is typically found.
- It requires additional energy in the form of NADPH.
72
most common photosynthetic pathway for grasses, crop plants, pineapples
C4 photosynthesis
73
most common photosynthetic pathway for
| majority of plants
C3 photosynthesis
74
most common photosynthetic pathway for succulents, cacti, members of Family Crassulaceae
CAM photosynthesis
75
A leaf attached directly to a stem would be referred to as:
sessile
76
bipinnately compound leaf
twice divided leaflets off secondary rachis
77
petiole
leaf attachment to stem
78
odd pinnately compound leaf
divided into off rachis with a terminal leaflet at the end
79
simple leaf
one blade at end of petiole
80
palmately compound leaf
all leaflets radiate like fingers from a single attachment point on the petiole
81
even pinnately compound leaf
divided into leaflets off primary rachis with paired leaflets at the end
82
crenate
leaf margin has rounded teeth
83
ovate
a leaf that is broader at the base then the tip
84
cordate
a leaf shaped like a heart
85
serrate
leaf margin has pointed teeth that angle toward leaf tip
86
lanceolate
an elongated leaf that tapered to a pointed end
87
pinnately lobed
a leaf with irregular projections along the main axis of the leaf
88
elliptic
a leaf that tapers equally at the base and the tip
89
what leaf best fits this description parallel-sided leaf longer than it is wide with regular teeth that point outward
dentate linear leaf
90
true or false Stomata and guard cells are more common on the upper surface of a leaf.
false
91
Which of the following is true regarding guard cells?
- Guard cells have chloroplasts.
- Guard cells play a crucial role in the movement of water through xylem.
- When guard cells swell, stomata open.
- Guard cells regulate gas exchange through stomata.
92
true or false Bulliform cells are more common on the upper surface of monocot leaves.
true
93
spongy mesophyll
lower parenchyma layer with chloroplast and lots of air space
94
cutin
waxy water proofing substance that cover the epidermis
95
mesophyll
entire portion of leaf between the upper and lower epidermis
96
chlorenchyma
Specialized cells filled with parenchyma
97
palisade mesophyll
upper parenchyma with tightly packed cells
98
trichomes
pavement cell modifications that can reduce transportation or provide protection
99
In dicots, leaf veins are found in the ____ of a leaf.
spongy mesophyll
100
The veins include vascular bundles with ____ closer to the upper epidermis and ____ closer to the lower epidermis.
xylem/phloem
101
These vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer of thick-walled cells that create the ____
bundle sheath
102
Monocots also have leaf veins that are arranged ___ throughout the leaf,
parallel to each other
103
what apply to a sun leafs
- small leaf with lots of small chloroplasts
- thicker leaf
- lighter in color
104
Which descriptions would apply to an aquatic plant leaf?
- reduced amount of xylem
| - leaves fill with aerenchyma
105
true or false Tendrils are stems modified for climbing.
false
106
true or false The curling of a tendril occurs due to even growth stimulated by contact.
false
107
true or false Tendril attachments are strong (due to the presence of sclerenchyma) yet flexible (due to the presence of collenchyma)
true
108
thorn
- modified stem
| - grows from an axil
109
spine
- modified leaf
| - grows from a node and may have an auxiliary bud
110
Prickel
- modified epidermis or cortex
| - grows from an internode
111
What is an example of a plant with pines
Cactus
112
What is an example of a plant with prickles
Rose
113
What is an example of a plant with thorns
acacia
114
Reproductive leaf
Can become a new plant asexually if it falls or gets knocked off
115
Succulent leave
Water and sugars are stored in large parenchyma cells with no chloroplast
116
Flower pot leaf
Epiphyte that forms mutualistic symbiosis with ants
117
Bract
Modified to attract pollinators to a plant with small non-showy flowers
118
Insect trapping leave
Nutrients unavailable in soil are obtained from alternate source
119
Venus fly trap
Henge leaf that closes 2 hairs are triggered within 20 seconds of each other
120
Pincher plant
Insects fall into a soupy mix of water bacteria and digestive enzymes
121
Bladderwort
Aquatic plant with an extremely fast acting trap door
122
Sundew
Attracts insects with glistening drops of sticky digestive fluid
123
True or false color change in the autumn occurs because I can’t create different color pigment to replace chlorophyll
False
124
Which of the following is true regarding Kingdom Fungi?
- All fungi are heterotrophs.
- Fungi are more closely related to animals than they are to plants.
- All fungi have chitin in their cell walls.
125
Parasite
Fungus that obtains nutrients from living host without providing a benefit to that host
126
Mutualistic symbiont
- fungus that shares a life history with another unrelated organism
- both participants benefit from the relationship
127
Saprobe
- Fungus that obtain nutrients from the dead and decaying matter
- also known as a decomposer
128
What phylum is yeast in
Ascomycota
129
What phylum is a wheat rust and psilocybe in
Basidiomycota
130
What phylum is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in
Chytridiomycota
131
What phylum is Penicilium and Aspergillus in
Deuteromycota
132
What phylum is mycorrhizae in
Glomeromycota
133
What phylum is bread mold in
Zygomycota
134
Which of the following is true regarding phylum chytridiomycota
- Rhizoids for attachment to food - aquatic and mostly unicellular - parasites and saprobes
- motile zoospores that suggest relationships to protists
- most primitive fungal phylum
135
Parasite
Fungus that obtains nutrients from living host without providing a benefit to that host
136
Mutualistic symbiont
- fungus that shares a life history with another unrelated organism
- both participants benefit from the relationship
137
Saprobe
- Fungus that obtain nutrients from the dead and decaying matter
- also known as a decomposer
138
What phylum is yeast in
Ascomycota
139
What phylum is a wheat rust and psilocybe in
Basidiomycota
140
What phylum is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in
Chytridiomycota
141
What phylum is Penicilium and Aspergillus in
Deuteromycota
142
What phylum is mycorrhizae in
Glomeromycota
143
What phylum is bread mold in
Zygomycota
144
Which of the following is true regarding phylum chytridiomycota
- Rhizoids for attachment to food - aquatic and mostly unicellular - parasites and saprobes
- motile zoospores that suggest relationships to protists
- most primitive fungal phylum
145
For example, fungi that produce spores from sac-like containers are in Phylum _____
Ascomycota
146
fungi with "earthen pot"-shaped spore containers are in Phylum ____
Chytridiomycota
147
and fungi that produce spores from structures on pedestals are in Phylum _____
Basidiomycota
148
fungi that create structural and functional linkages during reproduction are in Phylum ____
Zygomycota
149
other fungi that produce string-like balls of hyphae (arbuscules) are in Phylum _____
Glomeromycota
150
Which fungal phylum is a polyphyletic group?
Deuteromycota
151
hymenium
mmb layer of asci
152
conidiophore
vertical hypha that bear conidia during asexual reproduction
153
ascoma
cup or flask shaped structure for spore production
154
ascogenous hyphae
dikaryotic hyphae that make up spore container
155
conidia
Asexual spores
156
ascogonium
"female" reproductive structure
157
ascus
finger like projection
158
crozier
crook shaped cell
159
ascospores
produced from meiosis followed by mitosis
160
what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: crozier cell partitions into 3 separate cells, only one of which has both male and female nuclei
3
161
what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: migration and pairing of nuclei from antheridium and ascogonium; results in n+n
1
162
what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: release of ascospores
6
163
what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: mitosis of crozier cell nuclei; results in n+n+n+n
4
164
what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: ascogenous hyphae create ascoma
2
165
what stage # of sexual reproduction in Phylum Ascomycota: male and female nuclei merge into zygote
5
166
Which of the following is true regarding Phylum Basidiomycota?
- includes decomposers (saprobes) and parasites
- Most decomposers are not harmful, but a very small number are poisonous.
- sexual reproduction in parasites requires at least one host plant
167
Gills
- Underside of Cap
| - site of spore release
168
Fruiting body
Above ground reproductive portion
169
Annulus
Scar like remnant of Cap
170
Stipe
Stalk like feature
171
Cap
Rounded top of mushroom
172
Mycelium
Below ground vegetative portion
173
A haploid Type 2 mycelium would be able to fuse with a haploid ____ mycelium
Type 4
174
resulting in a ___ mycelium that would develop initially into an above-ground structure called a ____ .
dikaryotic/ button
175
what is the typical mushroom structure known as?
basidia
176
Which two plants serve as host plants for black stem rust?
- barberry and wheat
177
what is correct about sexual reproduction in black stem rust.
- Pycnia and aecia are associated with the barberry host.
- An aecium develops on the lower barberry leaf surface.
- Uredinia and telia are associated with the wheat host.
- A pycnium develops on the upper barberry leaf surface.
- The zygote overwinters
178
The most common type of mycorrhizal fungi are:
endotrophic
179
Which of the following is true regarding Phylum Deuteromycota?
- They all have chitin in their cell walls.
| - This is a polyphyletic group.
180
what phylum: Penicillium (ital.) and Aspergillus
Deuteromycota
181
what phylum: ergot, Dutch elm disease, morels, truffles, yeast
Ascomycota
182
what phylum: shelf fungi, toadstools, smuts
Basidiomycota
183
Which fungal phylum has the greatest number of species?
Ascomycota
184
what taxonomic groups include members that might be found as a component of a lichen?
- Phylum Chlorophyta
- Kingdom Bacteria
- Phylum Ascomycota
185
Medulla
- thickest mid most region of election
| - storage location
186
Fruticose
Describes a shrub like lichen
187
Lower cortex
- Interconnected hyphae attachment to substrate
| - May not be present in all lichens
188
Upper cortex
Interconnected hyphae for protection
189
Crustose
Describes a low growing crusty looking lichen
190
Thallus
Body of lichen
191
Algal layer
Location where photosynthetic species is embedded in loosely arranged hyphae
192
Foliose
Describes a leafy lichen
193
A unit of solar energy is referred to as a:
photon
194
Which of the following is true regarding light?
Ultraviolet light has the highest energy.
195
Which of the following is an input required for photosynthesis?
- water
- sunlight
- CO2
196
Which of the following is an input required for the light reactions?
water
| sunlight
197
what are The first set of reactions, referred to as in photosynthesis
light rxns
198
where do the light rxns occur
Thylakoid mmb
199
what are the 2nd set of reaction referred to as in photosynthesis
the Calvin cycle
200
where does the Calvin cycle take place
stroma
201
Starting with 1, number the following locations in the correct order that they participate in the light reactions.
1. PS2
2. ETC
3. PS1
4. NADP+ reductase
5. ATP synthase
202
Where is a proton gradient built up during the light reactions?
in the thylakoid lumen
203
Which activities contribute to the build up of the proton gradient during the light reactions?
- production of NADPH
- splitting of water
- pumping associated with the ETC
204
The light reactions are initiated by the capture of light energy in the ____
antenna complex
205
Which of the following proteins act as a proton pump in the electron transport chain?
- PQ (plastoquinone)
| - Cyt (cytochrome)
206
Which of the following activities is/are shared between PSI and PSII?
- antenna complex collects solar energy
| - special pair loses two electrons
207
How are lost electrons replaced from PSI?
They are delivered from the electron transport chain (although they actually are the same 2e- lost from PSII).
208
What happens to the electrons lost from PSI?
They are used to reduce NADP+.
209
Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor for PSI?
Fd
210
Which of the following is true regarding NADP+ reductase and ATP synthase?
they are both enzymes
211
The production of NADPH occurs when ____ is reduced by two electrons from ____ , and a single proton is also added from the _____ . These reactions occur at ____ and the NADPH is then release to the ____ and is ready to participate in the Calvin cycle.
NADP+/ PS1/ stroma/ NADP+ reductase / stroma
212
Which of the following are outputs of the light reactions?
NADPH/ ATP
213
Which of the following acts as an energy carrier molecule?
- ATP
| - NADPH
214
true or false Molecules are in constant motion, and they move only in a particular direction.
false
215
discribe diffusion.
- movement occurs down a concentration gradient
- Diffusion does not require energy.
- The term 'diffusion' by itself does not indicate whether or not a semipermeable membrane is present.
216
Which of the following is true regarding equilibrium?
Molecular motion will continue equally in all directions.
217
true or false Increasing the concentration gradient will speed up the rate of diffusion
true
218
solvent
think dissolving a substance
219
dialysis
diffusion of salutes across a selectivity permeable mmb
220
diffusion
movement of any type of molecule from high to low concentration
221
solute
Dissolved substance
222
osmosis
diffusion of water across a. selectivity permeable mmb
223
solution
a homogeneous combination of solvents and and dissolved solutes
224
turgor pressure
pressure against a cell wall due to volume of water in a vacuole
225
osmotic potential
Likelihood of water to diffuse based on differences in solute concentration
226
pressure potential
likelihood of water to move based on mechanical pressures such as turgor pressor
227
water potential
Likelihood of water to move based on a combination of pressure potential and osmotic potential
228
what is true regarding water movement
- Water moves from an area of high water potential to low.
- Water moves from an area of high osmotic potential to low.
- Osmosis occurs from an area of high water concentration to low.
- Water moves from an area of high pressure potential to low.
229
true or false Water follows solutes, therefore, osmosis will always occur from a hypotonic solution toward a hypertonic solution.
true
230
Plant tissues filled with large polar molecules (such as starch) can rapidly pull in large volumes of water through a process called _____
imbibition
231
In leaf cells, liquid water becomes water vapor in a process known as
Evaporation
232
That water vapor will exit the leaf through openings called stomata (which are opened or closed due to the action of guard cells) in a process called
transpiration
233
true or false The properties of adhesion and cohesion are sufficient to explain the movement of water from the roots up the leaves.
false
234
true or false Movement through xylem is from roots to leaves while movement through phloem can go in any direction.
true
235
Select any and all statements that apply to the Pressure-Flow Hypothesis.
- changes in turgor pressure push dissolved sugars through phloem
- explains how sugars are moved throughout a plant
- involves active transport
236
Which of the following is NOT a plant macronutrient?
Zn
237
nitrogen
found in proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophylls
238
calcium
found in pectins of middle lamella
239
phosphorus
major element of ATP
240
sulfur
found in some amino acids
241
potassium
found in coenzymes
242
magnesium
found at heart of chlorophyll
243
magnesium deficiency effects
- random dead spots
| - yellowed leaves with curled edges
244
nitrogen deficiency effects
- pale green or yellow leaves
245
phosphorus deficiency effects
- purple leaves
| - stunted growth
246
sulfur deficiency effects
- pale leaves with light colored veins
247
calcium deficiency effects
- death of terminal buds
| - hooked/ withered leaves
248
potassium deficiency effects
yellowing of leaves from margins
