test 3 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
what characteristics do plants share with their closest non-plant ancestors?
A
- starch storage
- primary pigments
- cellulose
2
Q
true or false: spores are produced by meiosis
A
- false
3
Q
Put green algae, seedless vascular plants, flowering plants, non-vascular plants, and conifers in number order from most primitive (1) to most advanced (5).
A
- green algae
- non-vascular plants
- seedless vascular plants
- conifers
- flowering plants
4
Q
What ancestral characteristic
(symplesiomorphy) is shared by all non-vascular plants?
A
lack of xylem and phloem
5
Q
true or false: The sporophyte is the dominant generation in non-vascular plants.
A
false
6
Q
what is one phylum includes non-vascular plants
A
Phylum Anthocerophyta
7
Q
true or false: Sperm only swim through the pollination tube.
A
false
8
Q
what evolutionary adaptation do gymnosperms have
A
seeds
9
Q
what evolutionary adaptation do bryophytes have
A
- waxy cuticle,
- multicellular reproductive structures
- protected zygote
10
Q
what evolutionary adaptation do angiosperms have
A
flowers
11
Q
what evolutionary adaptation do ferns and allies have
A
Vascular tissue
12
Q
what is the common name for Phylum Lycophyta
A
club mosses
13
Q
what is the common name for Phylum pterophyta
A
ferns
14
Q
what is the common name for Phylum hepaticophyta
A
liverworts
15
Q
what is the common name for Phylum bryophyta
A
true mosses
16
Q
what is the common name for Phylum equisetophyta
A
horsetails
17
Q
what is the common name for Phylum anthocerophyta
A
hornworts
18
Q
what is the common name for Phylum psilophyta
A
whisk ferns
19
Q
what plants produce a strobilus from the sporophyte?
A
- spike mosses
- ground pines
- horsetails
20
Q
true or false regarding hornworts: The foot of the horn is embedded in the gametophyte.
A
true
21
Q
true or false regarding hornworts: The “horn” is the sporophyte.
A
true
22
Q
true or false regarding hornworts: The sporophyte has stomata.
A
true
23
Q
true or false regarding hornworts: The horn grows from a meristem.
A
true
24
Q
elaters
A
- aid in spore dispersal
- an extendable spore “wing”
25
gemmae
disc-like fragments used for asexual reproduction
26
what do archegoniophores look like
palm trees
27
do male or female gametophytes produce archegoniophores
female
28
stalk that extends sporophyte away from gametophyte
seta
29
calyptra
protective cap surrounding sporophyte
30
what produces the calyptra
Gametophyte
31
do male or female gametophyte produce antheridiophore
male
32
what do antheridiophores look like
Umbrellas
33
spore-producing structure that develops from archegonium
capsule
34
true or false regarding thallium liverworts: Chloroplasts are present in the walls, floor, and ceiling of upper layer.
false
35
are marchantia dioecious
yes
36
are quillworts dioecious
yes
37
are selaginella dioecious
yes
38
Which plants have ligules?
- quillworts and spike mosses
39
do liverworts require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?
yes
40
do true mosses require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?
yes
41
do true ferns require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?
yes
42
do horsetails and whisk ferns require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?
yes
43
do ground pines, spike mosses and quillworts require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?
yes
44
do hornworts require water so that sperm from one plant can swim to eggs in another plant?
yes
45
sexual reproduction begins in true mosses with the ___ which is the dominant plant form
gametophyte
46
are true mosses dioecious or monoecious
monoecious
47
In order for a sperm to reach an egg in true mosses, it must swim down the narrow ___ of the female structure in order to reach the swollen area (referred to as a ___ ) where the egg is located.
neck canal
| venter
48
This plant form will develop a stalk-like ___ with a spore-producing structure called a ____ . (true mosses)
- seta
| - capsule
49
A protective _____ will sit directly on top, covered by the larger ____ which remains from the earlier swollen structure. (true mosses)
- operculum
| - calyptra
50
When spores are ready for release, both of these protective features will fall off and spores will be release through the mouth-like____. (true mosses)
peristome
51
what is not a land adaptation found in seedless vascular plants?
no longer require water for motile sperm to swim to eggs
52
Which of the following plants belong in Phylum Lycophyta
- quillworts
- ground pines
- spike mosses
53
sorus
cluster of sporangia in ferns
54
megasporangium
produces large spores
55
ligule
tongue-like extension at base of leaf
56
pinnule
smallest "leaflet" in a bipinnately compound fern frond
57
sporophyll
leaf like extension from a strobilus
58
what protects sporangium in a axil
sporophyll
59
enation
button-like structure containing spore-producing structures
60
indusium
protective flap
61
microsporangium
produces small spores
62
true or false: Members of Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Psilophyta have a dominant gametophyte, but plants in Phylum Equisetophyta and Phylum Pterophyta have a dominant sporophyte.
false
63
all plants in the genus Selaginella are categorized as ___
Quillworts, ground pines, and spike mosses
64
what phylum are Quillworts, ground pines and spike mosses in
Lycophyta
65
what is not a characteristic of horsetails?
heterosporous
66
what is the dominant plant form for true ferns
sporophyte
67
The leaves of true ferns are referred to as
fronds
68
what do fronds produce and how
spores via meiosis
69
what are the button like structure on fronds called
sori
70
prothalli are the non dominant ____ form
gametophyte
71
are prothalli monoecious or dioecious
Monoecious
72
how do prothalli anchor into the ground
rhizoids
73
what is not a gymnosperm phylum
Phylum Psilophyta
74
true or false regarding gymnosperms: Most gymnosperms have non-motile sperm with the exception of gingkos and cycads.
true
75
true or false regarding gymnosperms : Sperm dispersal (from plant to plant) is wind-driven.
true
76
true or false regarding gymnosperms :The sporophyte form is dominant in all gymnosperms.
true
77
true or false regarding gymnosperms : Seed dispersal is wind-driven.
true
78
mesophyll
surrounds vascular tissues in center of needle
79
stomata
pores in epidermis
80
produces substance that reduces herbivory
resin canal
81
hypodermis
reduces dessication
82
fascicle
bundle of needles
83
true or false regarding gymnosperms: Most are dioecious.
false
84
nucellus
nutrient material for female gametophyte
85
megasporocyte
Produces megaspores
86
integument
protective layer around megasporangium
87
passageway through integument
micropyle
88
structure surrounding egg; produced by female gametophyte
archegonium
89
pollen germination
creation of male gametophyte
90
growth of pollen tube into archegonium so sperm can merge with egg
fertilization
91
what grows from seed germination
sporophyte
92
Which gymnosperm phylum is believed to be more closely related to angiosperms than the others?
Phylum Gnetophyta
93
true or false regarding phylum Gingkophyta: Male plants produce smelly fruit
false
94
true or false regarding phylum cycadophyta: can be differentiated from palms by large central strobilus
true
95
true or false regarding phylum cycadophyta: beetles may act as pollinators
true
96
true or false regarding phylum Gnetophyta: xylem has both tracheids and vessel elements
true
97
true or false regarding phylum Gnetophyta: monoecious and dioecious plants
true
98
what evolutionary advantages are provided by flowers?
- attraction of pollinators
| - development of fruit
99
what kind of plant survives over multiple years although above-ground regions die back during autumn and winter
Herbaceous pernnial
100
what kind of plant main plant body is grown in the first year and reproductive plant structures grow in the 2nd year followed by death
biennial
101
what kind of plant with extended flowering period; completes entire life cycle in one year
annual
102
what kind of plant structures are continuously present over numerous years.
woody perennial
103
The entire colorful showy portion of a plant is referred to as the ____ and is made up of individual ____ that attract pollinators.
- corolla
| - petals
104
Some plants, especially in the spurge family, have very small or non-descript flowers. Many of these flowers will have specialized leaves called ____ that provide the same function.
bracts
105
Protection for a flower (prior to budding) is provided by a structure referred to as the ____ which is made up of individual ____ .
- calyx
| - sepals
106
if sepals and petals are difficult to differentiate what are the called? and collectively, the entire non-reproductive portion of the flower would be called the _____?
- tepals
| - perianth
107
petals fused into narrow tube
salverform
108
biradial
symmetrical along two planes
109
petals are arranged into a mouth
two lipped
110
funnel-shaped
petals fused into narrow tube that flares towards tip
111
symmetrical along multiple planes
radial
112
bilateral
symmetrical along a single plane
113
broad vase-like flower with narrow opening
urn-shaped
114
rotate
petals arranged in single plane (like a wheel)
115
what symmetry do pea-like flowers have
bilaterally
116
in pea-like flowers the largest uppermost petal is called
banner petal
117
in pea-like flowers the two smaller side petals are called
wing petals
118
in pea-like flowers the two fused lowermost petals is called
keel petal
119
pedicel
stalk for individual flower in inflorescence
120
disk flower
compact flowers attached to a single shared base
121
vertical inflorescence with flowers attach directly to peduncle
spike
122
horizontal inflorescence arranged along same plane due to pedicels of differing lengths
corymb
123
peduncle
stalk for individual flower or primary stalk for inflorescence
124
vertical inflorescence with flowers attached to peduncles via pedicels
raceme
125
umbel
flowers of inflorescence form "umbrella" due to pedicels of same length
126
downward hanging skike of shrubs and trees
catkin
127
endocarp
innermost layer of a fruit
128
all layers surrounding a seed
pericarp
129
seed coat
papery outer cover; protects against pathogens and drying
130
middle fleshy layer of a fruit
mesocarp
131
embryo in fruit will turn into what?
a sporophyte
132
outermost skin of a fruit
exocarp
133
endosperm
nutritive tissue in a seed
134
what happens to a seed that gets dehydrated
dormancy
135
what is the first structure to grow from a seed
radicle
136
In some monocots seeds, this structure will be protected by a sheath called the ___
coleorhiza
137
what is the 2nd structure to emerge from a monocot seed
plumule
138
In some monocots seeds, the plumule will have a protective sheath called the
coleoptile
139
If the primary seed leaves [aka _____) remain attached to a stem, the portion above the seed leaf/leaves is called the coleorhiza while the region below is called the _____.
- epicotyl
| - hypocotyl
140
true or false: The cotyledon is part of the embryo in monocots and dicots.
false
141
simple fruit
- single flower with 1 or fused carpels
142
what kind of fruit is from an inflorescence; fruitlets merge into single fruit
multiple
143
aggregate
from single flower with many separate carpels that mature in a cluster
144
what are the three categories of fleshy fruits
1. drupe
2. berry
3. pome
145
aka “stone fruit”; simple; single seed is enclosed in a stony endocarp
drupe
146
what type of fruit are berries
simple
147
how many seeds do berries have
more than 1
148
what are the three types of berries
1. true berry
2. pepo
3. hesperidium
149
true berry
fruit with thin exocarp (skin) and soft pericarp
150
pepo
fruit with thick exocarp
151
hesperidium
fruit with leathery exocarp; often aromatic
152
pome
fruit developed from floral tube
153
what are the 2 categories for dry fruit
1. dehiscent fruit
| 2. indehiscent fruit
154
what are the 4 types of dry dehiscent fruits
1. follicle
2. legume
3. silique
4. capsule
155
splits along a single side or seam
follicle
156
splits along 2 sides or seams
legume
157
splits along 2 sides; seeds attached to septum
silique
158
splits a variety of ways, seeds can be shaken out
capsule
159
what are the 5 types of indehiscent fruit
1. achene
2. nut
3. grain
4. samara
5. schizocarp
160
achene
only base of seed attaches to pericarp
161
base of seed attaches to pericarp and hard inedible pericarp
nut
162
grain
pericarp inseparable from seed
163
pericarp becomes a wing for dispersal
samara
164
schizocarp
fruits that have 2 seeds that split apart when mature
