test 4 Flashcards
(233 cards)
1
Q
what does the central cell nucleus become
A
endosperm
2
Q
how many sets of chromosomes do the central cell nucleus have
A
2n
3
Q
where is the location for gametophyte development
A
ovule
4
Q
how many sets of chromosomes do synergids have
A
1n
5
Q
what do synergies aid in
A
Fertilization
6
Q
what is the only surviving nucleus produced from megasporocyte
A
megaspore
7
Q
how many sets of chromosomes do the antipodals have
A
1n
8
Q
what do antipodals do
A
aid in embryo nutrition
9
Q
where does the male gametophyte develop
A
in an anther
10
Q
does the male gametophyte go through mitosis or meiosis when creating 4 microspores
A
meiosis
11
Q
what is produced from the male gametophyte going through meiosis
A
4 microspores
12
Q
4 microspores will produces 2 cells: one is the ____ ; the second is the _____.
A
vegetative cell/ generative cell
13
Q
what does the vegetative cell become
A
tube cell
14
Q
what does the generative cell produce? How?
A
- 2 sperm
- mitosis
15
Q
what is the male gametophyte
A
the microsporocyte
16
Q
what is the outermost wall of a pollen grain called
A
exine
17
Q
what is the exine made out of
A
sporopollenin
18
Q
what is the inner portion of a pollen grain called
A
intine
19
Q
what is the intine made out of
A
cellulose and pectins
20
Q
germination
A
growth of pollen tube down style
21
Q
transfer of pollen
A
pollination
22
Q
fertilization
A
merging of male and female gametophyte
23
Q
DNA converted into mRNA
A
transcription
24
Q
growth
A
cell division and enlargement
25
coordination of cell activities to produce tissues, organs, etc.
development
26
translation
mRNA re-written into amino acids to make protein
27
cells take on properties that allow specialization
differentiation
28
What is required to stimulate growth and development?
- stimulus reception
- response
- transduction of info
29
micronutrient
growth factor required in minute amounts; too much can be toxic
30
Organic molecule produced in a region of active growth
hormone
31
macronutrient
inorganic growth factor required in large amounts
32
organic coenzyme; synthesized in membranes
vitamin
33
true or false regarding plant hormones: variable effects based on location and amount available
true
34
true or false regarding plant hormones: large amounts required to produce effects
false
35
true or false regarding plant hormones: typically present in inactive conjugated form
true
36
true or false regarding plant hormones: may act locally or in distant tissues
true
37
true or false regarding plant hormones: may act with or against other hormones
true
38
what are the major types of hormones
- ethylene
- auxins
- cytokinins
- abscisic acid
- gibberellins
39
Which of the following is the only hormone produced as a gas?
ethylene
40
Which hormone is the primary indicator of a healthy actively-growing plant?
auxin
41
true or false regarding auxins: produced in apical meristems, new leaves, buds
true
42
true or false regarding auxins: prevention of leaf abscission and fruit drop
true
43
true or false regarding auxins: apical dominance
true
44
true or false regarding auxins: seed dormancy
false
45
true or false regarding auxins: toxic to monocots in high doses
false
46
true or false regarding auxins: stimulates lateral branch growth
false
47
what is the precursor molecule of ethylene
methionine
48
what is the precursor molecule of gibberellins
acetyl-CoA
49
what is the precursor molecule of abscisic acid
carotenoids
50
what is the precursor molecule of auxins
tryptophan
51
what is the precursor molecule of cytokinins
adenine
52
true or false regarding gibberellins: effects are maximized when combined with auxins
true
53
true or false regarding gibberellins:break seed and bud dormancy
true
54
true or false regarding gibberellins:transport through xylem
false
55
true or false regarding gibberellins: antagonistic to auxins
false
56
true or false regarding gibberellins: increase stem growth and fruit size
true
57
true or false regarding gibberellins: expensive
true
58
true or false regarding gibberellins: induce dormancy in seeds and buds
false
59
why do people apply ethylene to plants
batch ripening of fruits
60
why do people apply gibberellins to plants
increased crop yields
61
why do people apply cytokinins to plants
reduced wind damage in wheat; prolonged freshness of vegetables and flowers
62
why do people apply auxins to plants
weed control; production of seedless fruit
63
true or false regarding cytokinins: stimulates lateral growth
true
64
true or false regarding cytokinins: stimulate cell growth & differentiation
true
65
true or false regarding cytokinins: often antagonistic to auxins and GA's
true
66
true or false regarding cytokinins: produced in root tips and germinating seeds
true
67
true or false regarding cytokinins: works together with auxins and GA's
false
68
true or false regarding cytokinins: produced as a gas
false
69
what transports ethylene
diffusion through cells and tissues
70
what transports GA's and ABA
transport through phloem
71
what transports auxins
active polar transport
72
what transports cytokinins
transport through xylem
73
true or false regarding abscisic acid: produced in terminal buds, mature leaves, and roots
true
74
true or false regarding abscisic acid: causes dormancy in seeds and buds
true
75
true or false regarding abscisic acid: decreased water uptake; increased transpiration
false
76
true or false regarding abscisic acid: growth inhibitor in plants under stress
true
77
true or false regarding abscisic acid: major hormone involved with abscission
false
78
true or false regarding ethylene: major hormone responsible for abscission
true
79
true or false regarding ethylene: causes unripened fruit to remain metabolically inactive
false
80
true or false regarding ethylene: produced throughout plant
true
81
true or false regarding ethylene: thigmomorphogenesis in some plants
true
82
true or false regarding ethylene: only produced when oxygen is present
true
83
salicylic acid
acquired immune response to viral attack
84
immune defense against animals and fungi
jasmonic acid
85
brassinosteroids
Important participant in many hormone driven growth processes
86
Which 2 hormones play key roles in control of apical dominance?
cytokinins
| auxins
87
what is ethylene role in senescence
primary role in senesence
88
what is abscisic acid role in senescence
secondary role in senescence
89
what are auxins, GA's, and cytokinins roles in senescence
delay of senescence
90
what movements are repeatable and non-directional in relation to the stimulus that causes them
nastic
91
what movements include spiraling growth
nutations
92
what movement response to touch
thigmonastic
93
what movement occur in daily cycles
sleep movements
94
what movements include hypocotyl growth through soil
nodding
95
___ movements are directional growth responses that occur either toward ( ___) or away from ( ____) a stimulus.
tropic
positive
negative
96
movements related to light
phototropic
97
movements due to gravity
gravitropic
98
day-neutral
flowering stimulated by factors other than day length
99
flowering occurs during seasons with extended periods of darkness (spring & fall)
short-day plants
100
critical night length
species-specific amount of darkness needed to initiate flowering
101
flowering occurs during season with short periods of darkness (summer)
long-day plants
102
quiescence
seed is metabolically active but unable to germinate due to lack of normal growth conditions
103
normal aging and death
senescence
104
dormancy
slowing of metabolic activity in preparation for winter, even with normal growth factors present
105
Sedges have ____, rushes are ____, and mints are _____
- edges
- round
- square
106
who studied evolution?
Charles Darwin
107
what is the difference between a law and a theory
a law describes phenomenon and a theory explains how a phenomenon occurs
108
change in allele frequencies in a population over time
evolution
109
Natural Selection
Individuals better suited to their environment have higher chance of survival and successful reproduction
110
one extreme phenotype is favored
Directional selection
111
Disruptive selection
both extreme phenotypes are favored
112
average phenotype is favored
Stabilizing selection
113
Coevolution
when one species evolves in response to another species evolving
114
members of a lineage acquire different characteristics to adapt to different environments
Adaptive radiation
115
Convergent evolution
related plants have similar characteristics to adapt to similar environments
116
an error in copying DNA
mutation
117
Genetic Drift
random chance and sampling error`
118
which one of the ways alleles change affect small populations the most
genetic drift
119
what is the founder effect
small subset in new envir
120
what is the bottleneck effect
small subset of survivors
121
movement of alleles between populations
gene flow
122
prevents formation of zygote
prezygotic isolation
123
prevents formation of viable offspring
postzygotic isolation
124
population
organisms of the same species that share resources
125
populations that share resources
community
126
Commensalism
one plant benefits while the other is unaffected
127
what class includes dicots
magnoliopsida
128
what class includes monocots
liliopsida
129
what is special about Family Ranunculaceae
- simple pistils
130
what is special about Family Lauraceae
- small yellow aromatic flowers
131
Which endangered vegetation community is unique to coastal regions along California and Baja California?
coastal sage scrub
132
mixed conifer forest
various pines and broadleaf trees
133
mix of often-prickly evergreen shrubs and low-growing trees
chaparral
134
riparian
vegetation growing in the near vicinity of waterways
135
low-growing aromatic shrubs
coastal sage scrub
136
coastal salt marsh
wetland shrubs regularly inundated with tidal salt water
137
acorn-producing trees with varying degrees of undergrowth development
oak woodland
138
desert scrub
perennial growth with short-lived herbaceous plants
139
herbaceous perennials dominated by non-natives
grassland
140
true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire:quick re-sprouting, often from an extensive seed bank
true
141
true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: salt excretion
false
142
true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: turpenes
true
143
true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: root crowns
true
144
true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: thin leaves
false
145
true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: trichomes
false
146
true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: thick bark
true
147
true or false regarding adaptations to wildfire: thick seed coats
true
148
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: shallow spreading roots
true
149
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: deep tap roots
true
150
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: root crowns
false
151
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: light coloration
true
152
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: trichomes
true
153
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: thick seed coats
false
154
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: thin leaves
true
155
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: deep seed bank
false
156
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: thick bark
false
157
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: waxy cuticles and leathery leaves
true
158
true or false regarding adaptations to drought: turpenes
false
159
what adaptation matches with fast root growth
Desiccation
160
what adaptation matches with timing of seed dispersal
disturbance
161
what adaptation matches with adventitious growth
disturbance
162
what adaptation matches with burial survival
inundation
163
what adaptation matches with deep taproots
Desiccation
164
what adaptation matches with flexible or brittle stems
disturbance
165
what are plants characteristics below that are adaptations to cold, fire, or aridity in a mixed conifer forest
- pine cones
- thick bark
- thin waxy needles
- evergreen
166
what adaptation matches heavy stems
inundation
167
what adaptation matches CAM photosynthesis
aridity
168
what adaptation matches release of toxins into soil
competition in a resource depleted region
169
what adaptation matches water-storage tissues
aridity
170
what adaptation matches salt excretion
high salinity
171
what adaptation matches small leaves
inundation
172
what adaptation matches waxy or modified leaves
aridity
173
The study of the timing of events in the life of a plant in relation to climate is referred to as:
phenology
174
what plant types that have a "big bang" life history.
- biennials
| - annuals
175
what plant types that have a repeated reproduction life history.
- woody perennials
| - herbaceous perennials
176
what kind of growth has populations doubling time continually decreases
exponential
177
what kind of growth has populations slows as it approaches k
logistic
178
what does k=
caring capacity
179
Density dependent
factors where the effects on the size or growth of a pop vary with the density of a pop
180
density independent
factor limiting the size of a pop whose effect is not dependent on the number of people in pop
181
competition among members of different species
interspecific comp
182
provides all resources necessary for an organism's survival
ecological niche
183
competitors use shared resources differently
niche partitioning
184
competition between members of the same species
intraspecific comp
185
loser becomes locally extinct (aka Gause's Law)
competitive exclusion
186
true or false regarding predator - prey: The number of available plants controls the number of herbivores.
true
187
true or false regarding predator - prey: Changes in herbivore and plant populations follow similar curves, but they are offset from each other.
true
188
true or false regarding predator - prey: The number of herbivores controls the number of available plants.
true
189
true or false: All of the energy available at one trophic level will be usable by organisms at the next level.
false
190
transformation of solid directly to gas; eg., snow into water vapor
sublimation
191
evaporation of water from plants into the atmosphere
transpiration
192
movement of water into the soil
infiltration
193
Evolution occurs ___ and involves a change in ____
- at the pop level
| - allele frequencies
194
true or false: Evolution is goal-oriented, moving species closer and closer to an ideal form.
false
195
evolution occurs as a series of brief dramatic changes separated in time
punctuated evolution
196
common name for Cucurbitaceae
gourd family
197
common name for Brassicaceae
mustard fam
198
common name for Asteraceae
sunflower fam
199
common name for Ranunculaceae
buttercup fam
200
common name for Lamiaceae
mint fam
201
common name for Apiaceae
carrot or parsley fam
202
common name for Lauraceae
laurel fam
203
common name for Solanaceae
nightshade fam
204
common name for Papaveraceae
poppy fam
205
common name for Euphorbiaceae
spurge fam
206
common name for Fabaceae
legume or pea fam
207
Which family is comprised of herbaceous perennials that survive the winter as underground bulbs?
apiaceae
208
Which plant family is comprised of shrubby annuals and perennials that often grow tendrils?
Lamiaceae
209
what is the largest dicot fam
Asteraceae
210
native to North and South America
Cactaceae
211
what is the 2nd largest dicot fam
Fabaceae
212
largest flowering plant family
orchidaceae
213
Which flowering plant family is NOT typically represented in an ornamental garden?
Solanaceae
214
Select any and all plant families that are known to have poisonous members.
- Solanaceae
- Apiaceae
- Ranunculaceae
215
Select any and all plant families that include members used as spices and/or herbs.
- Lamiaceae
- Lauraceae
- Brassicaceae
216
composite flowers composed of florets that may be perfect, imperfect, or sterile
asteraceae
217
spike inflorescences that may be interrupted along the stem
Lamiaceae
218
single radial flowers with multiples of all flower elements
Cactaceae
219
incomplete flowers arranged in a cyathium
Euphorbiaceae
220
perennial shrub with 3 sepals and 3 petals, one of which forms a lip-like landing pad for pollinators
Orchidaceae
221
what plant fam drupe
Lauraceae
222
what plant fam nutlets
Lamiaceae
223
what plant fam pepo
Cucurbitaceae
224
what plant fam achene with pappus
Asteraceae
225
what plant fam silique
Brassicaceae
226
what plant fam grain
Poaceae
227
what plant fam legume
Fabaceae
228
6 tepals
Liliaceae
229
no petals; flowers have bracts instead
Euphorbiaceae
230
wind pollinated plants with no perianth
Poaceae
231
aromatic shrubs with no calyx
Apiaceae
232
shrubs with petals arranged in a cross
Brassicaceae
233
aromatic shrubs with squared stems and opposite leaves
Lamiaceae
