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Nur201 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption

A

Phase of the digestive process that occurs when small molecules, vitamins and minerals pass through the walls of the small and large intestine and into the bloodstream

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2
Q

Amylase 

A

An enzyme that aids in the digestion of starch

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3
Q

Anus

A

Last section of the gastrointestinal tract outlet for waste products from the G.I. system

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4
Q

Chyme

A

Mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes and gastric secretions that is produced as food passes through the mouth, esophagus and stomach

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5
Q

Digestion

A

Phase of the digestive process that occurs when the digestive enzymes and secretions mix with ingested food and when proteins, fats and sugars are broken down into their component smaller molecules

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6
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Indigestion, upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating

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7
Q

Elimination

A

Phase of the digestive process that occurs after digestion and absorption when waste products are evacuated from the body

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8
Q

Esophagus

A

Collapsible tube Connecting the mouth to the stomach through which food passes as it is ingested 

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9
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

Acid secreted by the glands in the stomach mixes with chime to break it down into absorbable molecules, and to aid in the destruction of bacteria

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10
Q

Ingestion

A

Phase of the digestive process that occurs when food is taken into the G.I. tract via the mouth and esophagus

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11
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

A gastric secretion that combines with vitamin B 12 so that the vitamin could be absorbed

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12
Q

Large intestine

A

The portion of the G.I. tract into which waste material from the small intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination, begins, consists of several parts, ascending segment, transverse, segment, descending, segment, sigmoid colon and rectum

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13
Q

Lipase

A

An enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats

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14
Q

Microbiome 

A

The collective genome of all microbes in the microbiota

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15
Q

Microbiota

A

The complement of microbes in a given environment

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16
Q

Pepsin

A

A gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion

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17
Q

Small intestine

A

Longest portion of the G.I. tract consisting of three part duodenum, jejunum, and ilium, through which food mixed with all secretions and enzymes passes as it continues to be digested, and begins to be absorbed into the bloodstream 

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18
Q

Stomach

A

Distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric enzymes

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19
Q

Trypsin

A

Enzyme that aids in the digestion of proteins

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20
Q

Achalasia

A

Absent or ineffective, peristalsis of the distal, esophagus, accompanied by failure of the esophagus, sphincter to relax in response to swallowing

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21
Q

Aspiration

A

Inhalation of fluids are foods into the trachea and bronchial tree

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22
Q

Dumping syndrome

A

Physiologic response to rapid emptying of gastric contents into the small intestine, manifested by nausea, weakness, sweating, palpitations, syncope, and possibly diarrhea (synonym vagotomy syndrome)

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23
Q

Dysphasia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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24
Q

Dysplasia

A

Bizarre cell growth, resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, or arrangement from other cells of the same tissue type

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25
Q

Enteral nutrition

A

Nutritional formula, feedings infused through a tube directly into the gastrointestinal tract

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26
Q

Enteric

A

Of or relating to the intestines

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27
Q

Gastroesophagel reflux disease GERD

A

Disorder, marked by backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus that causes troublesome symptoms and mucosal injury to the esophagus

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28
Q

Gastrostomy

A

Surgical creation of an opening into the stomach for the purpose of administering fluids, nutrition, formulas and medication’s or for decompression and drainage of stomach contents

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29
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums, changing color from pink to red with associated swelling, bleeding and sensitivity/tenderness

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30
Q

Halitosis

A

Foul odor from the oral cavity in laypersons terms bad breath

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31
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

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32
Q

Jejunostomy

A

Surgical creation of an opening into the jejunum for the purpose of administering fluids, nutrition, formulas, and medication’s

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33
Q

Lithotripsy

A

The use of shockwaves to break up or disintegrate stones

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34
Q

Odynophagia

A

Pain on swallowing

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35
Q

Osmolality

A

Ionic concentration of fluid

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36
Q

Patotitis

A

Inflammation of the parotid gland

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37
Q

Percutaneous endoscopic, gastrostomy PEG

A

A feeding tube, inserted endoscopically into the stomach

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38
Q

Periapical abscess

A

Abscessed tooth

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39
Q

Pyrosis

A

A burning sensation in the stomach and esophagus that moves up to the mouth commonly called heartburn

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40
Q

Sialadenitis

A

Inflammation of the salivary gland

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41
Q

Stoma

A

Artificially created, opening between a body cavity and the body surface

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42
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the oral mucosa

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43
Q

Vagotomy syndrome

A

Gastrointestinal symptoms that include diarrhea and abdominal cramping, resulting from rapid gastric emptying synonym for dumping syndrome

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44
Q

Xerostomia

A

Dry mouth

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45
Q

Achlorhydria

A

Lack of hydrochloric acid and digestive secretions of the stomach

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46
Q

Antrectomy

A

Removal of the pyloric portion of the stomach with Anastomosis (Surgical connection), either to the duodenum or the Jejunum

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47
Q

Dumping syndrome

A

Physiologic response to rapid emptying of gastric contents into the small intestines, manifested by nausea, weakness, sweating, palpitations, syncope, and diarrhea

Synonym vagotomy Syndrome 

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48
Q

Duodenum

A

First portion of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum 

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49
Q

Dyspepsia

A

 Indigestion, upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating

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50
Q

Gastric

A

Refers to the stomach

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51
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach

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52
Q

Gastric outlet obstruction

A

Any condition that mechanically impedes normal gastric emptying there is an obstruction of the channel of the pylorus, and the duodenum, through which the stomach empties also called pyloric obstruction

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53
Q

Helicobactor pylori
H. pylori

A

Spiral shaped Graham negative bacteria that colonize the gastric mucosa is involved in most cases of peptic ulcer disease

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54
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood

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55
Q

Hematochezia

A

Bright, red, bloody stools

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56
Q

Melena

A

Tarry or black stools, indicative of occult blood installs

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57
Q

Omentum

A

Fold of the peritoneum that surrounds the stomach and other organs of the abdomen

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58
Q

Peritoneum

A

Thin membrane that lines, the inside of the wall of the abdomen, and covers all of the abdominal organs

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59
Q

Pyloroplasty

A

Surgical procedure to increase the opening of the pyloric orifice

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60
Q

Pylorus 

A

Opening between the stomach and the duodenum

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61
Q

Pyrosis

A

A burning sensation in the stomach and esophagus that moves up to the mouth

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62
Q

Serosa

A

Then membrane that covers the outer surface of the stomach; visceral peritoneum covering the outer surface of the stomach

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63
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Fatty stool typically malodorous with an oily appearance and floats in the water

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64
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing or tightening of an opening or passage in The Body

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65
Q

Abscess

A

Localized collection of purulent material surrounded by inflamed tissues

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66
Q

Central venous access device CVAD

A

A device designed and used for administration of sterile, fluids, nutrition, formulas, and medication’s into central veins

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67
Q

Colostomy

A

Surgical opening into the colon by means of a stoma to allow drainage of bowel contents; one type of fecal diversion

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68
Q

Constipation

A

Fewer than three bowel movements weekly or bowel movements, that are hard, dry, small or difficult to pass

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69
Q

Diarrhea

A

An increased frequency of bowel movements or an increased amount of stool with altered consistency of stool

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70
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of the diverticulum from obstruction by fecal matter, resulting in abscess formation

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71
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Presence of several diverticula in the intestine

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72
Q

Diverticulum

A

Saclike outpouching of the lining of the bowel protruding through the muscle of the intestinal wall

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73
Q

Fecal incontinence

A

Involuntary passage of feces

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74
Q

Fissure 

A

Normal or abnormal fold, Groove or crack in body tissue.

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75
Q

Fistula

A

Anatomically abnormal tract that arises between two internal organs or between an internal organ and the body surface

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76
Q

Gastrocolic reflux

A

Peristaltic movements of the large bowel, occurring 5 to 6 times daily that are triggered by distention of the stomach

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77
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Dilated portions of the anal vans

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78
Q

Ileostomy

A

Surgical opening into the ileum, by means of a stoma to allow drainage of bowel contents; one type of fecal diversion

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79
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease, IBD

A

Group of chronic disorders (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) That result and inflammation are ulceration (or both) Of the bowel lining 

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80
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome, IBS

A

Chronic functional disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain that affects frequency of defecation and consistency of stool; is associated with no specific structural, or biochemical alterations

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81
Q

Lipid, injectable emulsion LLE

A

An oil and water, emulsion of oils, egg, phospholipids, and glycerin

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82
Q

Malabsorption

A

Impaired transport across the mucosa

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83
Q

Parenteral Nutrition

A

 Method of supplying nutrients to the body by an intravenous route

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84
Q

Peripherally, inserted, central catheter PICC

A

A device inserted into a peripheral vein and designed and used for administration of sterile, fluids, nutrition, formulas, and medication into central veins

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85
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity

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86
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Excessive fatty waste in the fetus

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87
Q

Tenesumus

A

Ineffective and sometimes painful straining and urge to eliminate feces

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88
Q

Total nutrient, admixture TNA

A

An admixture of Lipid emulsion, proteins, carbohydrates, electrolyte, vitamins, trace minerals, and water

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89
Q

Adipospathy

A

This function of adipose tissue that causes chronic inflammation and disease

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90
Q

Bariatric

A

Relating to obesity; term derives from two Greek words, meaning, weight and treatment

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91
Q

Body mass index BMI

A

A weight to height ratio calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared; the most common measure used to classify and diagnose obesity

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92
Q

Dumping syndrome

A

Physiologic response to rapid emptying of gastric contents into the jejunum manifested by nausea, weakness, sweating, palpitations, syncope, and possibly diarrhea

Synonym vagotomy Syndrome

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93
Q

Dysphasia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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94
Q

Genome

A

The total complement of individual genes in an organism

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95
Q

Microbiome

A

The collective genome of all microbes in microbia

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96
Q

Microbiota

A

The complement of microbes in a given environment

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97
Q

Obesity

A

A disease characterized by an abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat that impairs health

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98
Q

Obesogenic

A

A factor that promotes weight gain and obesity

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99
Q

Orexigenic

A

A factor that stimulates appetite

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100
Q

Satiety

A

Feeling of having eaten sufficient quantities of food

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101
Q

Bacteremia

A

Laboratory confirm presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

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102
Q

Carrier

A

 Person who has a pathogen without apparent signs and symptoms; one who is able to transmit an infection to others

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103
Q

Colonization

A

The presence of micro organisms in or on a host without the host interference or interaction and without eliciting symptoms in the host

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104
Q

Coronavirus disease, 2019 COVID-19

A

A disease caused by the virus SARS CoV-19

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105
Q

Emerging infectious diseases

A

Human infectious diseases with an increased incidence. Within the past two decades or with a potential to increase in the near future.

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106
Q

Epidemic

A

A widespread outbreak of a specific infectious disease from a single source within a community or population that exceeds anticipated levels of impact

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107
Q

Healthcare associated infection HAI

A

An infection, not present or incubating at the time of admission to the healthcare setting; this term has replaced the term Nosocomial infection

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108
Q

Host

A

An organism that provides living conditions to support a microorganism

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109
Q

Immune

A

Person with protection from a previous infection, or vaccination, who resist reinfection when reexposed to the same agent

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110
Q

Incubation. Period.

A

Time between contact and onset of signs and symptoms

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111
Q

Infection

A

Condition in which the host interacts, physiologically, and immunologically with a microorganism

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112
Q

Infectious disease

A

Any disease caused by the growth of pathogenic microbes in the body that may or may not be communicable

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113
Q

Latency

A

Time interval, after primary infection, when a microorganism lives within the host without producing clinical evidence of disease

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114
Q

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA

A

Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium that is not susceptible to extended penicillin, antibiotic, formulas, MRSAmay occur in a healthcare or community setting

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115
Q

Normal flora

A

Persistent, nonpathogenic organisms, colonizing a host

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116
Q

Outbreak

A

The occurrence of a disease within a population that exceeds normal expectations

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117
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents

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118
Q

Reservoir

A

Any person plant, animal substance or location that provides living conditions for micro organisms, and enables further dispersal of the organism

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119
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2

A

The virus that causes COVID-19

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120
Q

Standard precautions

A

Strategy of assuming all patients may carry infectious agents and using appropriate barrier precautions for all healthcare worker patient interactions

121
Q

Susceptible

A

Not possessing immunity to a particular pathogen

122
Q

Transient flora

A

Organisms that have been recently acquired and are likely to be shed in a relatively short. Period.

123
Q

Transmission-based precautions

A

Precautions used in addition to standard percussions when contagious significant organisms are recognized; the three types of transmission-based precautions are airborne, droplet, and contact precautions

124
Q

Vanco myosin resistant Enterococcus VRE 

A

Entercococcus Bacterium that is not susceptible to the antibiotic Vancomyosin

125
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenesis of an organism

126
Q

Bile

A

Fluid produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder that contains cholesterol and bile salts; essential for the proper breakdown and absorption of fats

127
Q

Chyme

A

Contents of the stomach containing ingested, food and secreted enzymes, water, and mucus

128
Q

Gall stones

A

Hard crystals formed in the gallbladder, when the bile containing many crystalline substances is concentrated

129
Q

Gastrin

A

Substance secreted by the stomach in response to many stimuli; stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells and pepsin from the chief cells; causes histamine release at histamine 2 receptors to affect the release of acid

130
Q

Histamine 2receptorsH2

A

Site near the parietal cells of the stomach that when stimulated cause the release of hydrochloric acid into the lumen of the stomach also found near cardiac cells

131
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

Acid released by the perinatal cells of the stomach in response to gastrin release or parasympathetic stimulation; makes the stomach contents more acidic to accept to a digestion and breakdown of food products

132
Q

Local gastrointestinal reflux

A

Reflex response to various stimuli that allows the G.I. tract, local control of its secretions and movements based on the contents or activity of the whole G.I. system

133
Q

Nerve plexus

A

Network of nerve fibers, running through the wall of the G.I. tract that allows local reflexes and control

134
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A

Digestive enzymes, secreted by the exocrine, pancreas, including pancreatin and pancrelipase, which are needed for the proper digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

135
Q

Peristalsis 

A

Type of G.I. movement that moves food, bolus forward; characterized by a progressive wave of muscle contraction

136
Q

Saliva

A

Fluid produced by the saliva glands in the mouth in response to tactile stimuli, and cerebral stimulation; contains enzymes to begin digestion as well as water, and mucus to make the food ball is slippery and easier to swallow

137
Q

Segmentation

A

G.I. movement characterized by concentration of one segment of the small intestine while the next segment is relaxed; the contracting segment, then relaxes and relaxed, segment contracts; exposes the time to avast surface area to increase absorption

138
Q

Swallowing

A

Complex reflux response to a bolus in the back of the throat; allows passage of the bolus into the esophagus and movement of ingested contents into the G.I. tract

139
Q

Vomiting

A

Complex reflux mediated through the medulla after stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone; protective reflux to remove, possibly toxic substances from the stomach

140
Q

Acid rebound

A

Reflex response to the stomach to lower than normal acid levels; when acid levels are lowered through the use of antiacid, gastrin, production, and secretion are increased to return the stomach to its normal acidity

141
Q

Anti-acid

A

Group of inorganic chemicals that neutralize stomach acid

142
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Enzymes produced in the gastrointestinal tract to break down food into usable nutrients

143
Q

Gastrointestinal protectant

A

Drug that coats, any injured area in the stomach to prevent further injury from acid or pepsin

144
Q

Histamine 2 antagonist

A

Drug that blocks, the H2 receptor sites; used to decrease acid production in the stomach (H2 sites are stimulated to cause the release of acid from the perinatal cells in response to gastrin are parasympathetic stimulation )

145
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

Erosion of the lining of the stomach or duodenum; results from imbalance between acid produced, and the mucus protection of the Gastro intestinal lining, or possibly from infection by Helcobacter pylori bacteria

146
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Anyone of numerous tissue hormones that have local effects on various systems and organs of the body, including vasoconstriction, vasodilation increase, or decrease G.I. activity and increase or decrease pancreatic enzyme released

147
Q

Proton pump, inhibitor

A

Drug that blocks the H, K, ATPase enzyme system on the secretory surface of the gastric perinatal cells thus interfering with the final step of acid production and lowering acid levels in the stomach

148
Q

Anti-diarrheal

A

Drug that blocks of stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to decreased activity and increase time for absorption of Neta, nutrients and water

149
Q

Bulk stimulant

A

Agent that increases in bulk frequently by osmotic pull of fluid into the feces; the increased bulk stretches the G.I. wall, causing stimulation and increased G.I. movement

150
Q

Cathartic dependence

A

Overuse of laxatives that can lead to the need for strong stimuli to initiate movement in the intestines; local reflexes become resistant to normal stimuli, after prolonged use, departure stimulants, leading to further laxative use

151
Q

Chemical stimulant

A

Agent that stimulates the normal, G.I. reflexes by chemically irritating, the lining of the G.I. wall, leading to increased activity in the G.I. tract

152
Q

Constipation

A

Slower than normal evacuation of the large intestine, which can result in increased water, absorption from the feces, and can lead to impaction

153
Q

Diarrhea

A

More frequent than normal, bowel movements often characterized as fluid like and watery, because not enough time for absorption is allowed during the passage of food through the intestines

154
Q

Lubricant

A

Agent that increases the viscosity of the feces, making it difficult to absorb water from the Bolles and easing movement of the ball is through the intestines

155
Q

Accommodation

A

Eyes focusing at different distances if the people constrict as the object moves closer

156
Q

PERRLA

A

Pupils are equal round reactive to light and accommodation

157
Q

Phagocytosis

A

White blood cells digest destroy pathogens

158
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

Interleukins tumor, necrosis factor and interferon act on the hypothalamus, where they increase prostaglandin production and increases the bodies temperature set point

159
Q

Communicability

A

Ability of disease to spread to others

160
Q

Chain of infection

A

Process by which an organism is spread

161
Q

Amebiasis

A

Amebic dysentery Which is caused by intestinal invasion of the trophozoite stage of the protozoan entamoeba histolytica

162
Q

Anopheles Mosquito

A

Type of mosquito that is essential to the lifecycle of plasmodium; injects the protozoa into humans for further maturation

163
Q

Cinchonism

A

Syndrome of quinine, toxicity, characterized by nausea, vomiting tinnitus and vertigo

164
Q

Giardiasis

A

Protozoal intestinal infection that causes severe diarrhea and epigastric distress; May led to serious malnutrition

165
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Skin mucous membrane are visceral infection caused by a protozoan pass to humans by the bites of sand flies

166
Q

Malaria

A

Protozoal infection with plasmodium characterized by cyclic, fever and chills as the parasite is released from ruptured red blood cells causes serious liver, central, nervous system, heart, and lung damage

167
Q

Plasmodium

A

A protozoan that causes malaria and human; it’s lifecycle include the Anopheles Mosquito witch, and Jack’s protozoa into humans

168
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia

A

Opportunistic infection that occurs when the immune system is depressed; a frequent cause of pneumonia in patients with AIDS and those who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy

169
Q

Protozoa

A

Single celled organisms that passes through several stages in their lifecycle, including at least one phase as a human parasite; found in areas of poor sanitation and hygiene and crowded living conditions

170
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Infestation with a protozoan that causes vaginitis in women, but no signs or symptoms in men

171
Q

Trophozite

A

A developing stage of a parasite which uses the host for essential nutrients needed for growth

172
Q

Trypanosomiasis

A

African sleeping sickness, which is caused by a protozoan that inflames the central nervous system is spread to humans by the bite of the testy fly; also Chagas disease which causes a serious cardiomyopathy after the bite of the house why?

173
Q

Ascaris

A

The most prevalent helminthic infection; fertilized, roundworm, eggs are ingested which hatch in the small intestine, and then make their way to the lungs, where they may cause, cough, fever, and other signs of a pulmonary infiltrate

174
Q

Cestode

A

Tapeworm with the head and segmented body parts that is capable of growing to several yards in the human intestine

175
Q

Filariasis

A

Infection of the blood and tissues of healthy individuals by warm embryos or filariae

176
Q

Helminth

A

Worm that can cause disease by invading the human body

177
Q

Hookworms

A

Worms that attach themselves to the small intestine of infected individuals where They suck blood from the walls of the intestine damaging the intestinal wall, and leading to severe anemia with lethargic weakness, and fatigue.

178
Q

Nematode

A

Roundworm, such as the commonly encountered pinworm, whipworm, threadworm, ascaris , or hookworm that cause a common helminthic infection in humans; can cause, intestinal obstruction, as adult worms clog the intestinal lumen, or severe pneumonia, when the larvae migrate to the lungs, and form a pulmonary infiltrate

179
Q

Pinworm

A

Nematode that causes common HELMINTHIC infection in humans; lives in the intestine and causes, anal and possible vaginal irritation and itching

180
Q

Platyhelminth

A

Flatworms, including the cestodes or tape worms; a worm that can live in the human intestine, or can invade other human tissues (Flukes )

181
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Infection with a blood fluke that is carried by a snail; it poses a common problem in tropical countries, where the snail is the intermediary in the lifecycle of the worm; larvae burrow into the skin in freshwater and migrate throughout the human body, causing a rash, diarrhea and liver and brain inflammation

182
Q

Threadworm

A

Pervasive nematodes that can send larvae into the lungs, liver and central nervous system; can cause, severe pneumonia, or liver abscesses

183
Q

Trichinosis

A

Disease that results from ingestion of encysted roundworm, larvae and undercooked pork; larvae migrate throughout the body, to invade the muscles, nerves and other tissues; can cause, pneumonia, heart failure, and encephalitis

184
Q

Whip worm

A

 Worm that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa, and sucks blood; may cause, severe, anemia and disintegration of the intestinal mucosa

185
Q

Atonic

A

Without tone; denervates muscle, that atrophies

186
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in the size of a muscle

187
Q

Bursa

A

Fluid filled sac found in connective tissue usually in the area of joints

188
Q

Callus

A

Cartilaginous fibrous tissue at fracture site

189
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Latticelike bone structure; trabecular bone 

190
Q

Cartilage

A

Tough elastic a vascular tissue at end of bone

191
Q

Clonus 

A

Rhythmic contractions of a muscle

192
Q

Contracture

A

Abnormal shortening of muscle joint or both Fibrous

193
Q

Cortical bone

A

Compact bone

194
Q

Crepitus

A

Grating or a crackling sound or sensation may occur with movement of ends of a broken bone or a regular joint surface

195
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone

196
Q

Effusion 

A

Excess fluid in joint

197
Q

Endosteum

A

A thin vascular membrane covering the marrow cavity of long bones and the spaces in cancellous bone

198
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of a long bone

199
Q

Fascia

A

Fibrous tissue that covers supports and separates muscles

200
Q

Fasciculation

A

Involuntary twitch of muscle fibers

201
Q

Flaccid

A

Limp; without muscle tone

202
Q

Hyper trophy

A

Enlargement; increase in the size of a muscle

203
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscle tension is increased without changing its length; there is no associated joint motion

204
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Muscle is shortened without a change and its tension; a joint is moved as a result

205
Q

Joint

A

Area where phone ends meet; provides for motion and flexibility

206
Q

Joint capsule

A

Fibers tissues that enclosed bone ends, and other joint surfaces

207
Q

Kyphosis

A

Increase in the convex curvature of the thoracic spine

208
Q

Lamellae

A

Mature, compact bone structures, that form concentric rings of bone matrix; lamellar bone 

209
Q

Ligament

A

Rope like bundles of collagen, fibers, connecting bones

210
Q

Lordosis

A

Increase in concave curvature of the lumbar spine

211
Q

Ossification

A

Process in which minerals (calcium) Are deposited in bone matrix 

212
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cell

213
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone reabsorption cell

214
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature, bone cell

215
Q

Osteogenesis

A

Bone formation

216
Q

Osteon

A

Microscopic, functional bone unit

217
Q

Osteopenic

A

Refers to a reduction in bone mass to below normal levels

218
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal sensation

219
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous, connective tissue covering bone

220
Q

Remodeling

A

Process that ensures bone maintenance through simultaneous bone, reabsorption and formation

221
Q

Reabsorption

A

Removal/destruction of tissue such as bones

222
Q

Scoliosis 

A

Lateral curving of the spine

223
Q

Spastic

A

Having greater than normal muscle tone

224
Q

Synovium

A

Membrane and joint that secrete lubricating fluid

225
Q

Tendon

A

Cord of fibrous tissues, connecting muscle to bone

226
Q

Tone

A

Normal tensioner (Resistance to stretch ) in resting muscle 

227
Q

Trabeculae

A

Lattice, like bone structure; cancellous bone

228
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the center or median line of the body

229
Q

Add duction

A

Movement toward the center or median line of the body

230
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Surgical replacement of joint

231
Q

Avascular necrosis

A

Death of tissue due to insufficient blood supply

232
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a fluid filled sac in a joint

233
Q

Contracture

A

Abnormal shortening of muscle or fibrosis of joint structures

234
Q

Heterotopic ossification 

A

Misplaced formation of bone

235
Q

Involucrum

A

New bone growth around a sequestrum 

236
Q

Osteolysis

A

Lysis of bone from inflammatory reaction against polythene particulate debris Ask

237
Q

Osteopenia

A

Low bone mineral density

238
Q

Osteophyte

A

A boney outgrowth or protuberance; bone spur bones

239
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Degenerative disease if bone characterized by reduced mass deterioration of matrix and diminished architectural strength

240
Q

Osteotomy

A

Surgical cutting a bone

241
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Disease of a spinal nerve root, often resulting in pain and extreme sensitivity to touch

242
Q

Sciatica

A

Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, resulting in pain and tenderness along the nerve through the thigh and leg

243
Q

Sequestrum

A

Dead phone and abscess cavity

244
Q

Subchondral bone

A

Bony plate that supports the articular cartilage

245
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of muscle tendons

246
Q

Allograft

A

Tissue harvested from a donor for use in another person

247
Q

Amputation

A

Removal of a body part, usually a limb or part of a limb

248
Q

Arthroscope 

A

Surgical scope inserted into a joint to examine or repair

249
Q

Autograft

A

Tissue harvested from one area of the body and used for transplantation to another area of the same body

250
Q

Avascular necrosis AVN

A

Death of tissue secondary to a Decrease or lack of perfusion; also called us osteonecrosis

251
Q

Brace

A

Externally applied device to support the body or a body, part control movement and prevent injury

252
Q

Cast

A

Rigid, external immobilizing device molded to contours of body part

253
Q

Contusion

A

Blunt force injury to soft tissue

254
Q

Crepitus

A

A grating sound or sensation made by rubbing bony fragments together

255
Q

Debridement

A

Surgical remover of contaminated and devitalized tissues, and foreign material

256
Q

Delayed union

A

Prolongation of expected healing time for a fracture

257
Q

Disarticulation

A

Amputation through a joint

258
Q

Dislocation

A

Complete separation of joint surfaces

259
Q

External fixator 

A

External metal frame attached to bone fragments to stabilize them

260
Q

Fracture

A

A break in the continuity of a bone

261
Q

Fracture reduction

A

Restoration of fracture, fragment into anatomic alignment

262
Q

Heterotopic ossification

A

Misplaced formation of bone

263
Q

Malunion 

A

Healing of a fractured bone in a malaligned position

264
Q

Neurovascular status

A

Assessment of the neurologic and circulatory functioning of a body part

265
Q

Nonunion

A

Failure of fractured bones to heal together

266
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Infection of the bone

267
Q

Paresthesia

A

An abnormal sensation of tingling or numbness are burning

268
Q

Phantom limb pain

A

Pain perceived in an amputated section

269
Q

RICE

A

Rest ice compression elevation

270
Q

Sling

A

Batted used to support an arm

271
Q

Splint

A

Device designed specifically to support and immobilize a body part in a desired position

272
Q

Sprain

A

An injury to the ligaments and muscles and other soft tissues at a joint

273
Q

Strain

A

And a musculotendonous a stress injury

274
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial separation of joint surfaces

275
Q

Traction

A

Application of a pulling force to a part of the body

276
Q

Trapeze

A

Overhead assistive device to promote patient mobility in bed

277
Q

Analgesic

A

Compound with pain, blocking properties, capable of producing analgesi

278
Q

Anti-inflammatory agents

A

Drugs that block, the affects of the inflammatory response

279
Q

Antipyretic

A

Blocking fever, often by direct effects on the thermal regulatory center in the hypothalamus or by blockade of prostaglandin mediators

280
Q

Chrysotherapy

A

Treatment with gold salt; gold is taken up by macrophages, which then inhibit phagocytosis; it is reserved for use in patients who are unresponsive to conventional therapy, and can be very toxic

281
Q

Inflammatory response

A

The bodies nonspecific response to cell injury, resulting in pain, swelling, heat, and redness in the affected area

282
Q

Nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAID

A

Drugs that block, prostaglandin synthesis, and antipyretic anti-inflammatory antipyretic and analgesic agents 

283
Q

Salicylates

A

Salicylic acid Compounds used as anti-inflammatory antipyretic and analgesic agents; they block the prostaglandin system

284
Q

Salicylism

A

Syndrome associated with high levels of silicate, dizziness, ringing in the ears, difficulty hearing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mental confusion, and latitude

285
Q

A fibers

A

Large diameter, nerve fibers that carry peripheral impulses associated with touch and temperature to the spinal cord

286
Q

A delta fibers

A

Small diameter, nerve fibers that carry peripheral impulses associated with pain to the spinal cord

287
Q

C fibers

A

unmyelinated Slow conducting fibers that carry peripheral impulses associated with pain to the spinal cord

288
Q

Ergot derivative

A

Drug that causes a vascular constriction in the brain and the periphery; relieves, or prevent migraine headaches, but is associated with many adverse effects

289
Q

Gate control theory

A

Dairy that states that the transmission of a nerve impulse can be modulated at various points along its path by descending fibers from the brain that close the gate and block transmission of pain information, and buy a fibers that are able to block transmission in the dorsal horn by closing the gate for transmission for the A delta and C fibers

290
Q

Migraine, headache

A

Headache, characterized by severe unilateral, pulsating head, pain associated with systematic effects, including G.I. upset, and sensitization to light and sound; related to a hyper perfusion of the brain from arterial dilation

291
Q

Opioids

A

Drugs originally derived from opium that react with specific opioid receptor throughout the body

292
Q

Opioid Agonist

A

Drugs that reacted opioid receptor sites to stimulate the effects of the receptors

293
Q

Opioid agonists antagonists 

A

Drugs that reacted, some opioid receptor sites to stimulate their activity and it other opioid receptor sites to block activity

294
Q

Opioid antagonist

A

Drugs that block, the IP opioid receptor sites; used to counteract the effects of opioids are to treat an overdose of opiatd

295
Q

Opioid receptors

A

Receptor sites on nerves that react with endorphins and ENKEPHALINS, which are receptive to opioid drugs

296
Q

Pain 

A

Essentially an emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

297
Q

Spinothalamic

A

Nerve pathway from the spine to the thalamus, along which pain impulses are carried to the brain

298
Q

Triptin

A

Selective serotonin, receptor blocker that causes a vascular constriction of cranial vessels; used to treat acute migraine attacks

Nur201 (11 decks)

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