Test 2 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
how are animals defined?
A
multicellular
heterotrophic
diploid
reproduce by oogamy
2
Q
five key transitions of animal evolution
A
tissues
symmetry
body cavities
developmental patterns
segmentation
3
Q
parazoa definition
A
lack defined tissues and organs
can aggregate / disaggregate
4
Q
eumetazoa definition
A
distinct well-defined tissues
irreversible differentiation of cells
two distinct layers (ecto/endo)
5
Q
tissue types of eumetazoan organisms
A
muscular
connective
neural
adipose
bone
blood
6
Q
cephalization definition
A
area in which neural ganglion form
typically near other sensory organs
7
Q
3 germ layers
A
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm
8
Q
what is a coelom?
A
a body cavity lined with mesoderm
9
Q
what is an acoelom?
A
organism with no body cavities that is solid throughout
10
Q
what is a pseudocoelom?
A
animal with a false coelom
11
Q
characteristics of a protosome
A
spiral cell growth
blastophore becomes mouth
12
Q
characteristics of deuterostomes
A
radial cell growth
blastophore becomes anus
13
Q
K selection
A
producing few offspring and devoting a greater amount of resources to it.
ex - humans
14
Q
r selection
A
producing many offspring and devoting fewer resources to their development.
ex - mosquitos
15
Q
what is the earliest, most simple animal known?
A
trichoplax adaherens
16
Q
Characteristics of porifera
A
no tissues, organs, or symmetry
hermaphroditic
17
Q
example of porifera
A
sponges
18
Q
skeleton of sponges are typically composed of
A
silica
calcium carbonate
protein (spongin)
19
Q
what does a collar cell do?
A
brings water through pores of sponge by waiving flagella
20
Q
what is the opening of the sponge called?
A
oscula
21
Q
what is a chanocyte?
A
an example of a collar cell amongst the interior of a sponge that assists in propulsion
22
Q
examples of organisms in Cnidaria
A
hydra
jellyfish
coral
sea anemones
23
Q
Body forms of Cnidaria
A
polyp
medusa
24
Q
what is a polyp?
A
a cylindrical organism that attaches to a substrate
25
what is a medusa?
free floating umbrella shaped organism
26
what is a cnidocyte?
cells on tentacles that initiate nematocysts to paralyze prey
27
what phylum are the class of hydrazoa in?
cnidarians
28
what makes the hydrazoa special?
have both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycle
marine
colonial
29
What phylum are the schyphozoa in? What makes them special? what is an example?
cnidaria
medusa stage is dominant (bell-shaped)
diecious
planulae (larval stages that form into polyps)
30
what are the cubozoa? what makes them special?
a class of box jellyfish in the cnidaria phylum
change from radial symmetry to bilateral
tentacles at the corner of each box
very predatory, increased sensory system
31
class example of a cubazoa?
sea wasp or irujandji
very small but very dangerous
32
what are anthozoa? why are they important? what phylum?
sea anemones and coral
solitary / colonial animals
planulae stage that forms polyps instead of medusa
33
Phylum Ctenophora?
comb jellies
modified bilateral symmetry
more complex nervous system
bioluminescent
34
two major groups of platyhelminthes?
free-living worms (turbellaria)
parasitic flatworms
35
what are the types of parasitic flatworms
trematodes - flukes
cestoda - tapeworms
36
what do flame cells do?
function in balancing water levels and excretion
37
what are turbellaria?
class of platyhelminthes
free-living flatworms
38
what are monogenea and trematoda?
flukes
monogenea - endo-parasites
trematoda - ectoparasites
39
what is a schistosome?
Where are they common?
a fluke that diecious with sexual repro
Lake Victoria
40
where are schistosomes prevalent?
what saves an infected person?
lake victoria
PZQ
41
What is a cestode?
class of platyhelminthes
tapeworm
42
what are the three regions of a cestode body?
scolex - attachment organ
neck - unsegmented portion
proglottid - repetitive hermaphroditic units
43
what are the pseudocoelomates?
nematodes
rotifers
44
what is a pseudocoel? what is its purpose?
cavity between meso and endoderm
hydrostatic skeleton that changes pressure to allow organism to move
45
nematode characteristics
bilateral symmetry
unsegmented
pseudocoelomate
complete digestive tract
many are parasitic
sexual reproduction
diecious & dimorphic
anus
46
importance of flat vs roundworms
flat - SA to Vol ratio is high, organism can digest and excrete through its skin
round - complete digestive tract, more efficient
47
48
composition of nematode
digestive and reproductive tract
49
what is a cuticle?
almost like an exoskeleton that surrounds roundworms to prevent drying out
molted and shed to allow for growth
50
what is a stylet?
a puncturing device that nematodes use to penetrate its food source
51
what is the importance of the pharynx in nematodes?
an organ structure that vacuums food from outside to inside
52
what is the importance dracunculus medinesis
modern medical symbol (snake on cross) that was developed from pulling worms out of the body
53
what is a corona
flagellated cells that spin and sweep food into the gut
54
importance of rotifer phylum
greater complexity for their size
specialization of body regions
advanced neural system
complete digestive tract
55
what does a ceolom allow for
body fluid repositioning
complex and larger tissues to develop
larger body size
56
examples of mollusks
snails, slugs, clams, octopus
57
what is a chiton?
primitive mollusk
58
what determines the color of a pearl
color of water
59
what is a visceral mass
where the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs are concentrated
60
what is the mantle?
thick epidermis that covers the dorsal side of the body
forms a cavity that the visceral mass takes up
61
what is the muscular foot ?
adaptation for locomotion, attachment, and / or food capture
62
what is a radula?
file like strucutre that is used to scoop things from ground
first evidence of teeth like structures
63
what are different about a snail's gills
they are terrestrial, but surrounded by mucosal fluid
64
what are nephridia?
special excretory structures that remove nitrogenous bases from processing protein
65
how do cephalopods' circulatory and nervous systems differ from other mollusks?
closed circulatory system
advance nervous / sensory systems
66
what is the process of torsion?
when the mantle cavity moves from the posterior to anterior resulting in a twist of the gut
67
how do crustaceans and bivalves differ?
crustaceans adopt shells whereas bivalves produce their own shell
68
what is a siphon in a bivalve?
the tube that water is filtered through in a bivalve
69
how many arms/tentacles do squids, octopus, and nautilus have?
10
8
80-90
70
what is a chromatophore?
a cell that uses pigment to shift light in order to change color in moments of camouflage
71
what is the biggest evolutionary step that can be witnessed in the annelids?
segmentation
72
importance of segmentation?
fusion of segments that allows for cavity specialization
nerve cord can run through and connect each segment with the brain
73
what are septa
divisions between segments
74
what are setae
barbs that allow organisms to move through the environment by anchoring and pulling forward
75
what are chaetae
chitin bristles that anchor the worms
76
two classes of the annelids and their characteristics
polychaeta - aquatic, feathery looking
oligochaeta - terrestrial, earth worms / leeches
77
what is a parapodia? what class of annelids are they associated with?
appendages that gather nutrients and food
polychaeta
78
what is the clitellum?
ring on the body of annelid that secretes mucus that holds worms together during mating
79
most dangerous animals on the planet
mosquito
tick
80
4 Classes of arthropods
chelicerate
crustacean
hexapods
myriapoda
81
what population of all species are arthropods?
two thirds
82
what evolutionary steps were established by the arthropods
segmentation
exoskeleton
joint appendages
83
what is tagmata
specialized segmentation (head, thorax, abdomen)
84
what is the importance of an exoskeleton
protects against water loss
must go through ecdysis for organism to grow
85
what is the exoskeleton made of
chitin - a glycoprotein
86
what is the importance of jointed appendages?
increased range of motion
organism can hold onto things
87
how does the circulatory system of arthropods differ?
muscles anchored to the exoskeleton that act as a secondary system when moved
88
what is a spiracle
opening along the body that allows for gaseous respiration
89
what are compound eyes? what are ommatidia?
independent visual units that attach to a common optic nerve to compile images that form vision
90
tracheae
passage into the body that's branches go through all tissue
muscle contraction allows for branches to exchange gas
91
How is the body of a chelicerate designed? what are the characteristics of it?
2 tagmata
anterior (prosoma) have pedipalps and 4 pairs of walking legs
posterior contains reproductive organs
92
how is the crustacean body designed?
three tagmata with one being the cephalothorax
two pair of antenna
three pairs of appendages for chewing
93
How do crustaceans reproduce?
both internal and external fertilization
dioecious
94
what is the order name for barnacles
Cirripedia
95
hexapod body desingn
three tagmata
head
thorax with 3 segments, set of legs per segment
abdomen
96
what do a mosquito, butterfly, and fly's head design tell us?
all have compound eyes and a feeding part
mosquito - piercing instrument to draw blood
butterfly - sucking instrument to get nectar
fly - sopping instrument
97
how is the gut designed in insects?
foregut, midgut, and hindgut
98
what does a tympanum do for insects?
it is a thin membrane that detects sound and vibrations
99
what is simple metamorphosis?
immature stages that are similar to adult, but are smaller
100
what is complete metamorphosis?
larva are not similar looking to adult
includes a resting stage where the organism molts
101
What are the two subclasses of myriapoda? what are examples of each?
chilopoda - centipedes
diplopoda - millipedes
102
how do chilopoda differ from diplopoda?
chilo - one pair of appendages per segments (carniverous)
diplo - two pair of appendage per segment (herbivore_
