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BIO 202 > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

How long ago did life first appear on Earth?

A

3.8 billion years ago

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2
Q

How long did Darwin wait after returning from his journey to publish his findings (On the Origin of Species?

A

23 years

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3
Q

One of the things that Darwin noticed about the natural world was that

A

organisms often produce an overabundance of offspring

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4
Q

What percentage best represents the amount of time that Homo sapiens have been present on Earth?

A

0.004%

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5
Q

Archaeopteryx was found within a limestone quarry in Bavaria as rectangles of limestone were split apart to make roofing tiles. Archaeopteryx is significant because it shows an evolutionary link between 2 groups of animals. What are the two groups?

A

Birds / Reptiles

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6
Q

how long ago did the earth form?

A

4.6 billion years

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7
Q

what percentage of species has become extinct?

A

99.9%
1 out of 1000 species survives

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8
Q

When did the first eukaryotic cells originate?

A

1.8 billion years ago

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9
Q

when did the Cambrian radiation occur? what era?

A

540 million years ago (paleozoic)

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10
Q

When did the dinosaurs appear? what era?

A

240 million years ago (Mesozoic)

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11
Q

when did the dinosaurs become extinct? what era?

A

65 million years ago (cenozoic)

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12
Q

when did homo sapiens evolve?

A

200,000 years ago

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13
Q

what percentage of time has life existed on Earth?

A

3.8 / 4.6 = 83%

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14
Q

For what percentage of time have eukaryotic cells existed on Earth?

A

1.8 / 4.6 bya = 39%

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15
Q

For about how many years of geological time have mammals existed on Earth?

A

220 mya / 4.6 bya = 5%

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16
Q

What type of animals did the Creodont skull that Dr. Gingrich discovered resemble?

A

wolf, walnut size bump at back of the skull was unusual

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17
Q

The Cambrian Explosion is thought to have occurred around 500 mya. What best describes the Cambrian Explosion?

A

a sudden appearance in the fossil record of many unique animal species

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18
Q

how was the fruit fly’s DNA mutated?

A

poison and radiation

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19
Q

how did humans differ from chimpanzees?
spinal column / pelvis / position of knees

A

the base of skull pointing downward
shorter pelvis
knees closer together

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20
Q

If the world’s history were compressed into one hour, what kind of life appeared during the first 50 minutes?
Last 10 minutes?
Last 0.01 seconds?

A

single celled organisms
animals
humans

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21
Q

What is whale valley and how would whale skeletons be found there?

A

Whale Valley is now the Sahara desert and it used to be the sea. Therefore whales once lived there.

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22
Q

what vestigial structure did basiolosaurus have that modern whales do not?

A

complete set of leg bones / 4 legged animal

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23
Q

how does the way that a fish swims differ from water mammals?

A

fish - spine side to side
mammals - spine up and down

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24
Q

what is a tetrapod?

A

4 limbed vertebrate

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25
What advantage did the first limbs with digits provide?
ability to leave water without attracting predators
26
how does segmentation relate to DNA?
organization of genes in DNA that are responsible for a common trait amongst most animals (segmentation)
27
When the mouse "eyeless" gene was implanted into fruit flies, what happened?
Fruit fly did have eyes
28
how do chimpanzees walk in comparison to humans?
on knuckles / humans are bipedal
29
3 physical traits mammals have in common that relate to living on land?
reproducing live offspring warm blooded / fur breathing air
30
what is a transitional form?
intermediate states between ancestral forms and descendants
31
how did wolves evolve into whales?
sinonyx lived and hunted around the sea, those that could swim survived, legs adapted to fins
32
What caused the number of birds on Daphne Major (a Galapagos Island) to change (decrease then increase) over the time that the Grants have been studying them?
drought / changes in rainfall
33
Human ancestors left the trees and started to live life on the ground. This change had a significant impact on the evolutionary trajectory of hominids. Other than walking upright, what change occurred?
The homonids were able to use their hands for other things than holding on to limbs.
34
what is sickle cell anemia?
a genetic disease that is traced to a mutation in DNA that codes for hemoglobin HbA (normal) HbS (mutated)
35
how does sickle cell anemia help fight malaria?
Being heterozygous (HbA/HbS) allows the body to recognize and dispose of affected sickled cells.
36
how are malaria, precipitation, and HbS allele related?
greater precipitation = greater malaria prevalence = greater HbS frequency
37
Why is heterozygosity an advantage in areas of increased malaria prevalence?
heterozygotes are carriers for sickle cell, therefore they do not have it, and are immune to malaria.
38
what is genetic drift?
random events that affect the frequency of alleles in a population
39
small populations vs large
frequency is more likely to become fixed, either disappearing or dominating the gene pool large = relatively stable over time
40
p + q = 1
p - frequency of dominant allele q - frequency of recessive allele
41
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p2 - frequency of homo dominant 2pq - frequency of heterozygotes q2 - frequency of homo recessive
42
Were anoles on the same island (e.g., Puerto Rico) more closely related to one another or were anoles of the same ecomorph (e.g., grass-bush) more closely related?
same island
43
what trait or information was ultimately used to construct the phylogenetic tree that showed the evolutionary relationships of the anoles?
DNA analysis
44
Why did you determine relative hindlimb length in anoles?
it allowed you to directly compare the hindlimbs from anoles of different body sizes
45
The anoles that we studied have dewlaps. What is a dewlap used for?
visual communication attract mates
46
lizards who belong to the same ecomorph type are similar due to similar environmental selection pressures (e.g., the need to not fall off of twigs). What evolutionary term is associated with this?
convergent evolution
47
What are Porifera?
sponges
48
Characteristics of Porifera
aquatic radial/asymmetrical no definitive tissues cell specialization at the organizational level
49
examples of porifera
Scypha/ Grantia Leucosolenia
50
Characteristics of Cnidaria?
aquatic radial symmetry diploblastic (endo / ectoderm) tissue polyp or medusa body structure
51
class of cnidaria
hydrozoa Scyphozoa (jellyfish) anthozoa (coral / sea anemones)
52
Platyhelminthes charachterisitcs
bilateral symmetry cephalization acoelomates triploblastic tissue specialization (organ, nervous, and excretory systems) hermaphroditic muscles for body support
53
classes of Platyhelminthes
turbellaria - planarians Trematoda - flukes cestoda - tapeworms
54
Rotifera Characteristics
bilateral symmetry pseudocoelomates head / complete gut triploblastic hydrostatic body dioecious / sexual repro rotifers
55
Nematoda characteristics
bilateral symmetry psuedocoelomates triploblastic sexual repro hydrostatic body
56
The oldest (i.e., first to have evolved) animal phylum is
Porifera
57
Hydra belong to which phylum?
cnidaria
58
Sponges possess nervous tissue, which allows them to respond to environmental stimuli.
false
59
What type of symmetry, if any, is exhibited by planaria, tapeworms, and flukes?
BILATERAL
60
The roundworm Ascaris shows sexual dimorphism. Name a characteristic that demonstrates sexual dimorphism in Ascaris.
females are larger than males males have a hooked posterior end
61
Characteristics of Mollusca
coelomates (triploblastic) nervous system with brain excretory system w/ nephridia open circulatory system respiratory system
62
classes of mollusca
bivalves - clams / oysters gastropods - snails / slugs cephalopods - squid / octopus
63
Characteristics of Annelids
bilateral symmetry segmented body closed circulatory system hydrostatic body hermaphrodites
64
arthropod characteristics
bilateral coelomates segmentation in body nervous system w brain, excretory, respiratory open circulatory exoskeleton of chitin sexual repro

BIO 202 (7 decks)

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