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BIO 202 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck propose?

A

Evolution occurs by inheritance of characteristics acquired by selective pressures
variation is acquired

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2
Q

What did Charles Lyell propose?

A

geologist that proposed uniformitarianism through the stratification of the earth’s core.

species appeared over time in the geological record, some disappeared and some modified

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3
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

developed theory of evolution through natural selection (independent of darwin)
published theories with Darwin

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4
Q

What is Wallace’s Line

A

Line between Bali and Lombok that separates the Asian Fauna from Australian Fauna

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5
Q

Charles Darwin

A

proposed that populations varied and those who were better suited to survive will pass their traits along
“On the Origin of Species”

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6
Q

Which animals were studied on the Galapagos

A

Land Tortoises
Darwin Finches
Blue-Footed Booby
Marine Iguanas

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7
Q

How did the Galapagos Islands allow for variation?

A

Islands varied in natural resources
Archipelago allowed for animals to be reproductively isolated

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8
Q

Natural Selection

A

individuals with certain alleles produce more surviving offspring than those without
increased allele presence over generations

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9
Q

Definition of “fitness”

A

measure by the number of surviving off-spring that are able to reproduce

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10
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

genotypes will remain constant as long as
- population size is large
- mating is non-selective
- no mutations appear
- no selective pressures occur
- no im/emigration

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11
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

A

p + q = 1
p - frequency of dominant allele
q - frequency of recessive allele

p^2 - homozygous dominant
2pq - heterozygous dominant
q^2 - homozygous recessive

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12
Q

Five Agents of Evolutionary Change

A

Mutation
Gene Flow
Nonrandom Mating
Genetic Drift
Selection

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13
Q

What is mutation?

A

change of an allelic proportion in a population

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14
Q

What is gene flow?

A

movement of alleles from one population to another

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15
Q

What is non-random mating?

A

mating based on a preference
inbreeding - > homozygosity
outbreeding - > heterozygosity

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16
Q

genetic drift

A

fluctuation of allele frequencies

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17
Q

founder effect

A

small population that turns into a large population quickly with out much genetic diversity

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18
Q

bottleneck effect

A

large population that decreases rapidly due to lack of genetic diversity

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19
Q

evolution definition

A

change in frequency of an allele in a population

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20
Q

Adaptive Selection Theory & polymorphism

A

animals with a common ancestor that adapted to different areas of a specific environment to avoid resource competition.

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21
Q

what is a transient species?

A

a transitional species that can allow for gaps in evolution to be explained

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22
Q

what is a punctuated equilibrium?

A

period of rapid speciation due to a change in environmental pressures

evolutionary change can be seen to move faster in smaller populations

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23
Q

Divergent Evolution (speciation)

A

evolution of different species of animals that can be traced back to a common ancestor
generally adapted to cope with new env. pressure

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24
Q

convergent evolution

A

organisms that are not from a common ancestor that independently evolve similar traits

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25
Q

analogous structures

A

features of species that are similar in function but not necessarily similar in structure / do not derive from a common ancestor
ex - flippers on dolphins and wings on penguins

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26
Q

homologous structures

A

features of a species that are similar in structure, but serve different functions / derive from a common ancestor
ex - human and dog limbs

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27
Q

artificial selection

A

favored traits that get selectively bred

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28
Q

vestigial structures

A

structures with no apparent function, but resemble ancestral structures
ex - leg bones in whales or snakes

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29
Q

importance of molecular record

A

species more closely related have more DNA similarities than those that are distantly related

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30
Q

Two Events necessary for speciation

A

reproductive isolation
genetic divergence

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31
Q

species definition

A

all individuals being capable of interbreeding and production fertile offspring

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32
Q

micro-evolution

A

change in allele frequency in a population that leads to a new species

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33
Q

macro-evolution

A

numerous species evolving simultaneously

34
Q

2 Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

A

prezygotic
postzygotic

35
Q

prezygotic mechanism

A

prevention of proper zygote formation

36
Q

postzygotic mechanism

A

form a zygote but it does not develop properly
offspring are not able to establish themselves within a niche & are unable to function

37
Q

behavioral isolation

A

difference in behavior maintains distinctiveness
ex - mating calls

38
Q

Ecological isolation

A

species that habit the same niche but utilize different portions / resources within that niche

39
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

difference in mating / blooming periods
–> limits resource competition

40
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A

structural differences that prevent mating from occuring

41
Q

Prevention of Gamete Fusion

A

physiological mechanisms that prevent fertilization

42
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

geographical isolation that leads to genetic divergence

43
Q

2 types of sympatric speciation

A

ecological
chromosomal

44
Q

peripatric speciation

A

same as allopatric but the population can be assumed to be much smaller.

45
Q

Ecological Sympatric Speciation

A

genetic divergence due to the exploitation of different resources / habitats within a niche

46
Q

Chromosomal Sympatric Speciation

A

external factors that lead to an affected mutation rate. Chromatids that do not split during anaphase (mitosis I or II)

47
Q

divergent speciation

A

single species splits into two separate species.
both can exist at same time but do not breed.

48
Q

phyletic speciation

A

gradual change to a population that separates itself from the one that gave rise to it.

49
Q

How do mammals differ?

A

fur, endothermic metabolism, and increased brain size.

50
Q

What happened during the Permian extinction?

A

tectonic plate malformation that led to nuclear winter due to toxic gasses being released in the atmosphere
90% of all species became extinct

51
Q

Out of Africa Theory / Adaptive Radiaion

A

spread of homo erectus and homo sapien populations from the great rift valley. belief that the homo sapiens were more evolutionarily fit and outlasted homo erectus

52
Q

Multiregional Theory

A

spread of homo erectus population that evolved into homo sapeins by intermingling

53
Q

neanderthals

A

separate species from homo sapiens that were the first hominids that provided evidence of cultural factors
ex - buried the dead with tools they’d use in the afterlife

54
Q

Cro-Magnon

A

existed with neanderthals but outlasted them due to greater brain capacity
left records of cave paintings (cultural factors)
- means they had a higher level of mental processing and resource stability

55
Q

What is the Binomial System and who Developed it?

A

Carolus Linnaeus developed a two-part names that are used to designate species

56
Q

what is the order of the binomial system

A

Genus species and written in latin

57
Q

Taxonomic Hierarchy

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

58
Q

Importance of 18-S ribosomal subunit

A

when sequenced, this subunit allows one to see when a species diverged

59
Q

phylogenetics

A

study of ancestor-descendent relationships

60
Q

what is systematics and how is it used in phylogeny

A

reconstruction and study of the relationship between species

61
Q

monophyletic vs. para vs. poly

A

mono - ancestor and all descendants
para - ancestor but not all descendants
poly - convergent descendants w/o common ancestor
- evidence of convergent evolution

62
Q

cladogram

A

aka phylogenetic tree

63
Q

outgroup vs ingroup

A

out - organism for comparison
in - organism being evaluated

64
Q

eukarya vs prokarya vs archea

A

nucleus vs no nucleus vs extremophils

65
Q

Principle of Parsimony

A

explanations with fewer evolutionary steps are preferred
ex - more likely that a few species developed a trait than the idea that every species had the trait and only a few kept it

66
Q

how did the Delta 32 mutation help those during the plague

A

recessive gene
heterozygotes got sick but were able to survive
homozygotes didn’t get sick at all

67
Q

Characteristics of animals

A

multicellular
heterotrophic
diploid - two sets of chromosomes
reproduction by oogamy - ability to make diploid cells from haploids

68
Q

key transitions in animal evolution

A

tissue development
body symmetry
body cavity
developmental patterns
segmentation

69
Q

parazoa

A

sponges without defined tissue
cells will grow back together if broken apart (reaggregate)

70
Q

eumetazoa

A

distinct, well-defined tissue

71
Q

radial symmetry

A

symmetry along any imaginary axis
ex - cutting a pie

72
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

mirror images
right / left & front / back

73
Q

cephalization

A

development of a structure that holds ganglion of nerve cells in order to process information and respond

74
Q

Three kinds of tissue / germ layers

A

ecto - outer
meso - middle
endo - inner

75
Q

coelom

A

cavity lined with mesoderm that allows for an organ to be suspended in cavity
ex - humans

76
Q

aceolom

A

no body cavity, gut runs through solid tissue
ex - flatowrms

77
Q

psuedocoelom

A

false coelom that is not lined with mesoderm
ex - nematode

78
Q

closed circulation

A

separates oxygenated & deoxygenated blood

79
Q

Open circulation

A

Mix of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood

80
Q

deuterostomes

A

radial cell growth / blastophore becomes anus

81
Q

protosomes

A

spiral cell growth/ blastophore becomes mouth

BIO 202 (7 decks)

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