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BIO 202 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck propose?

A

Evolution occurs by inheritance of characteristics acquired by selective pressures
variation is acquired

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2
Q

What did Charles Lyell propose?

A

geologist that proposed uniformitarianism through the stratification of the earth’s core.

species appeared over time in the geological record, some disappeared and some modified

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3
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

developed theory of evolution through natural selection (independent of darwin)
published theories with Darwin

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4
Q

What is Wallace’s Line

A

Line between Bali and Lombok that separates the Asian Fauna from Australian Fauna

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5
Q

Charles Darwin

A

proposed that populations varied and those who were better suited to survive will pass their traits along
“On the Origin of Species”

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6
Q

Which animals were studied on the Galapagos

A

Land Tortoises
Darwin Finches
Blue-Footed Booby
Marine Iguanas

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7
Q

How did the Galapagos Islands allow for variation?

A

Islands varied in natural resources
Archipelago allowed for animals to be reproductively isolated

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8
Q

Natural Selection

A

individuals with certain alleles produce more surviving offspring than those without
increased allele presence over generations

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9
Q

Definition of “fitness”

A

measure by the number of surviving off-spring that are able to reproduce

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10
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

genotypes will remain constant as long as
- population size is large
- mating is non-selective
- no mutations appear
- no selective pressures occur
- no im/emigration

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11
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

A

p + q = 1
p - frequency of dominant allele
q - frequency of recessive allele

p^2 - homozygous dominant
2pq - heterozygous dominant
q^2 - homozygous recessive

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12
Q

Five Agents of Evolutionary Change

A

Mutation
Gene Flow
Nonrandom Mating
Genetic Drift
Selection

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13
Q

What is mutation?

A

change of an allelic proportion in a population

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14
Q

What is gene flow?

A

movement of alleles from one population to another

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15
Q

What is non-random mating?

A

mating based on a preference
inbreeding - > homozygosity
outbreeding - > heterozygosity

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16
Q

genetic drift

A

fluctuation of allele frequencies

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17
Q

founder effect

A

small population that turns into a large population quickly with out much genetic diversity

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18
Q

bottleneck effect

A

large population that decreases rapidly due to lack of genetic diversity

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19
Q

evolution definition

A

change in frequency of an allele in a population

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20
Q

Adaptive Selection Theory & polymorphism

A

animals with a common ancestor that adapted to different areas of a specific environment to avoid resource competition.

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21
Q

what is a transient species?

A

a transitional species that can allow for gaps in evolution to be explained

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22
Q

what is a punctuated equilibrium?

A

period of rapid speciation due to a change in environmental pressures

evolutionary change can be seen to move faster in smaller populations

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23
Q

Divergent Evolution (speciation)

A

evolution of different species of animals that can be traced back to a common ancestor
generally adapted to cope with new env. pressure

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24
Q

convergent evolution

A

organisms that are not from a common ancestor that independently evolve similar traits

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25
analogous structures
features of species that are similar in function but not necessarily similar in structure / do not derive from a common ancestor ex - flippers on dolphins and wings on penguins
26
homologous structures
features of a species that are similar in structure, but serve different functions / derive from a common ancestor ex - human and dog limbs
27
artificial selection
favored traits that get selectively bred
28
vestigial structures
structures with no apparent function, but resemble ancestral structures ex - leg bones in whales or snakes
29
importance of molecular record
species more closely related have more DNA similarities than those that are distantly related
30
Two Events necessary for speciation
reproductive isolation genetic divergence
31
species definition
all individuals being capable of interbreeding and production fertile offspring
32
micro-evolution
change in allele frequency in a population that leads to a new species
33
macro-evolution
numerous species evolving simultaneously
34
2 Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
prezygotic postzygotic
35
prezygotic mechanism
prevention of proper zygote formation
36
postzygotic mechanism
form a zygote but it does not develop properly offspring are not able to establish themselves within a niche & are unable to function
37
behavioral isolation
difference in behavior maintains distinctiveness ex - mating calls
38
Ecological isolation
species that habit the same niche but utilize different portions / resources within that niche
39
Temporal Isolation
difference in mating / blooming periods --> limits resource competition
40
Mechanical Isolation
structural differences that prevent mating from occuring
41
Prevention of Gamete Fusion
physiological mechanisms that prevent fertilization
42
Allopatric Speciation
geographical isolation that leads to genetic divergence
43
2 types of sympatric speciation
ecological chromosomal
44
peripatric speciation
same as allopatric but the population can be assumed to be much smaller.
45
Ecological Sympatric Speciation
genetic divergence due to the exploitation of different resources / habitats within a niche
46
Chromosomal Sympatric Speciation
external factors that lead to an affected mutation rate. Chromatids that do not split during anaphase (mitosis I or II)
47
divergent speciation
single species splits into two separate species. both can exist at same time but do not breed.
48
phyletic speciation
gradual change to a population that separates itself from the one that gave rise to it.
49
How do mammals differ?
fur, endothermic metabolism, and increased brain size.
50
What happened during the Permian extinction?
tectonic plate malformation that led to nuclear winter due to toxic gasses being released in the atmosphere 90% of all species became extinct
51
Out of Africa Theory / Adaptive Radiaion
spread of homo erectus and homo sapien populations from the great rift valley. belief that the homo sapiens were more evolutionarily fit and outlasted homo erectus
52
Multiregional Theory
spread of homo erectus population that evolved into homo sapeins by intermingling
53
neanderthals
separate species from homo sapiens that were the first hominids that provided evidence of cultural factors ex - buried the dead with tools they'd use in the afterlife
54
Cro-Magnon
existed with neanderthals but outlasted them due to greater brain capacity left records of cave paintings (cultural factors) - means they had a higher level of mental processing and resource stability
55
What is the Binomial System and who Developed it?
Carolus Linnaeus developed a two-part names that are used to designate species
56
what is the order of the binomial system
Genus species and written in latin
57
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
58
Importance of 18-S ribosomal subunit
when sequenced, this subunit allows one to see when a species diverged
59
phylogenetics
study of ancestor-descendent relationships
60
what is systematics and how is it used in phylogeny
reconstruction and study of the relationship between species
61
monophyletic vs. para vs. poly
mono - ancestor and all descendants para - ancestor but not all descendants poly - convergent descendants w/o common ancestor - evidence of convergent evolution
62
cladogram
aka phylogenetic tree
63
outgroup vs ingroup
out - organism for comparison in - organism being evaluated
64
eukarya vs prokarya vs archea
nucleus vs no nucleus vs extremophils
65
Principle of Parsimony
explanations with fewer evolutionary steps are preferred ex - more likely that a few species developed a trait than the idea that every species had the trait and only a few kept it
66
how did the Delta 32 mutation help those during the plague
recessive gene heterozygotes got sick but were able to survive homozygotes didn't get sick at all
67
Characteristics of animals
multicellular heterotrophic diploid - two sets of chromosomes reproduction by oogamy - ability to make diploid cells from haploids
68
key transitions in animal evolution
tissue development body symmetry body cavity developmental patterns segmentation
69
parazoa
sponges without defined tissue cells will grow back together if broken apart (reaggregate)
70
eumetazoa
distinct, well-defined tissue
71
radial symmetry
symmetry along any imaginary axis ex - cutting a pie
72
bilateral symmetry
mirror images right / left & front / back
73
cephalization
development of a structure that holds ganglion of nerve cells in order to process information and respond
74
Three kinds of tissue / germ layers
ecto - outer meso - middle endo - inner
75
coelom
cavity lined with mesoderm that allows for an organ to be suspended in cavity ex - humans
76
aceolom
no body cavity, gut runs through solid tissue ex - flatowrms
77
psuedocoelom
false coelom that is not lined with mesoderm ex - nematode
78
closed circulation
separates oxygenated & deoxygenated blood
79
Open circulation
Mix of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood
80
deuterostomes
radial cell growth / blastophore becomes anus
81
protosomes
spiral cell growth/ blastophore becomes mouth

BIO 202 (7 decks)

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