test 2

Question 1

what causes type 1 diabetes

Answer 1

pancreas doesnt release insulin, beta cell destruction

Question 2

type 2 diabetes

Answer 2

insulin resistance

Question 3

what are some health benefits reported with a 10% decrease in weight

Answer 3

decline of BP, decline in insulin sensitivity, decline in total increase HDL

Question 3

gestational

Answer 3

body cant produce enough insulin; due to weight gain, race or ethnicity

Question 3

hormones of interest in diabetes and their functions?

Answer 3

insulin: regulate blood sugar levels by moving glucose from the blood into cells through the body
glucagon: stimulates liver to produce glucose

Question 3

causes and treatments of hyperglycemia?

Answer 3

body has too little insulin or insulin resistance
insulin therapy or glucose-lowering medication

Question 4

causes and treatments of hypoglycemia

Answer 4

too much insulin, diet, genetics
glucagon and 15-15 rule

Question 5

what is A1c protein

Answer 5

protein in red blood cell that is coated in glucose

Question 5

what the hormones of interest that cause these symptoms?

Answer 5

too much insulin causes hypoglycemia
too much glucagon would cause hyperglycemia

Question 5

how is obesity determined

Answer 5

BMI > 30

Question 6

what are some diagnostic measurements used for diabetes?

Answer 6

raised A1c levels, high density cholesterol and triglyceride levels

Question 7

subcutaneous fat

Answer 7

fat under the skin- important for energy storage

Question 7

what is visceral fat

Answer 7

fat cushioning around organs-important to protect vital organs

Question 8

why does hypertension occur as one gets older?

Answer 8

because arteries & veins become more rigid and cant retract as efficiently anymore

Question 8

how does ghrelin and leptin have on weight gain and loss

Answer 8

over or underexpression of the hormones affects hunger levels

Question 8

roles of leptin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y

Answer 8

leptin- makes body feel full
ghrelin- makes body feel hungry

Question 9

what is the set point theory and how does it affect obesity

Answer 9

body has set range of weight it wants to be at metabolism and hormones effect it

Question 9

what are the side effects of obesity

Answer 9

hypertension, dyslipidemia, breathlessness, sleep apnea

Question 10

what are the risks and dangers of surgical therapies for obesity?

Answer 10

risk of death, infection (both pretty low)
surgery is reserved for ppl w/ BMI >40

Question 10

what role does behavioral therapy play in weight loss? why is it important

Answer 10

how to utilize their state of mind to help them make changes and address emotional issues

Question 10

drugs prescribed to overweight individuals? how do they work?

Answer 10

diety therapy (calorie restriction), phentermine (appetite suppressant)
Qsymia (appetite suppressant)
belviq (satiety enhancer)
orlistat (intestinal lipase inhibitor)

Question 11

idiopathic hypertension

Answer 11

cause unknown

Question 11

essential hypertenison

Answer 11

genetically based

Question 12

secondary hypertension

Answer 12

usually renal or endocrine causes

Question 13

different stages of hypertension and their classifications?

Answer 13

normal: 120/80 prehypertension: 120-139/80-89 stage 1: 140-159/90-99 stage 2: >= 160/>=100

Question 13

how is blood pressure determined?

Answer 13

BP= CO x PR

Question 14

which populations are at greater risk for hypertension

Answer 14

elderly, obese, high cholesterol

Question 15

why does hypertension cause endothelium damage

Answer 15

high volume of blood causes imperfections in the wall and leads to atherosclerosis b/c plaque has places to catch on

Question 16

signs and symptoms of hypertension

Answer 16

headache, dizziness, easily fatigued, palpitations

Question 16

what are some lab tests for hypertension besides blood pressure?

Answer 16

urinalysis, blood chemistry, ECG, hematocrit

Question 16

what are some drugs that are used to treat hypertension and how do they work

Answer 16

ACE inhibitors: block aldosterone for excess sodium uptake Ca+ channel blockers: block cardiac muscle contraction beta blockers: block norepinephrine and epinephrine uptake

Question 16

how does untreated hypertension lead to death? physiological causes?

Answer 16

damage to endothelium which predisposes individual to atherosclerosis which could lead to heart attack or stroke

Question 16

What are some anticipated responses and abnormal blood pressure responses during exercise

Answer 16

blood pressure spikes during exercise but then comes back down

Question 17

what is postprandial lipemia

Answer 17

fat levels post eating (high concentration immediately after)

Question 17

what are normal cholesterol and HDL & LDL levels

Answer 17

total cholesterol: 200 mg/dL HDL: 40-60 mg/dL LDL: > 160 mg/dL

Question 17

are there any different exercise responses in individuals with dyslipidemia

Answer 17

no. emphasize improvements with exercise

Question 17

what are lipoproteins and apolipoproteins

Answer 17

apolipoproteins: proteins that carry cholesterol; named based off how much cholesterol they hold lipoproteins: also proteins that carry cholesterol (HDL & LDL)

Question 17

different stages of renal disease

Answer 17

stage 1: GFR: <= 90 & kidney deterioration: 50-60% stage 2: GFR: 60-88, kidney deterioration: 60-70% stage 3: GF: 30-59, kidney deterioration: 70-77.5% stage 4: GFR: 15-29, kidney deterioration: 77.5-85% stage 5: GFR: less than 15, kidney deterioration: 85% +

Question 17

what are the functions of LIP and HL?

Answer 17

LIP: lipoproteins lipase HL: hepatic lipase both enzymes responsible for fat breakdown

Question 17

what is normal weight obesity

Answer 17

high body mass or weight circumference, excellent cardiovascular health, metabolically healthy obese, increased risk for people w/ osteoporosis and sarcopenia

Question 17

lipid lowering meds and their functions

Answer 17

statins: reduce lipid synthesis in the liver fibric acid: decrease FA in size, increases LDL nicotinic acids: increase HDL, decrease LDL

Question 17

what are renal disease treatments:

Answer 17

hemodialysis: mechanical blood filtration peritoneal dialysis: fluid into peritoneal cavity, fluid absorbs waste products from blood transplant: preferred treatment

Question 18

how much exercise is needed to show changes in HDL levels

Answer 18

a single exercise session

Question 18

side effects of hemodialysis

Answer 18

muscle cramps, low bp, itchy skin, sleep problems

Question 18

what are potential complications to transplants

Answer 18

rejection of new kidney, low availability, cost of anti-rejection meds

Question 18

diagnostic/lab test to determine stages of renal disease

Answer 18

elevated serum creatine, blood urea nitrogen, reduced GFR, blood test, urinalysis, CAT scan