test 5

Question 1

What populations is rheumatoid arthritis most affecting?

Answer 1

women

Question 2

What is the general description of arthritis?

Question 3

What are the signs and symptoms of arthritis?

Question 4

What are some common negative features that are affected by arthritis? Why does that occur?

Question 5

What is crepitus, effusion, and bone spurs?

Question 6

How does RA occur?

Answer 6

chronic autoimmune disorder, systemic inflammation, affects synovial joints

Question 7

What are the three levels of arthritis? What are their symptoms/descriptions?

Answer 7

acute: reversible signs and symptoms
chronic: stable but irreversible structural damage brought on by disease process
chronic w/ acute exacerbation of joint symptoms: increased pain and decreased ROM

Question 8

What are the general exercise goals for those with arthritis?

Answer 8

workloads need to be small increments, cycle ergometry is preferred

Question 9

What are some site-specific recommendations in terms of exercise for those with arthritis?

Question 11

fibromyalgia:

Answer 11

chronic pain syndrome. not a form of arthritis, tenderness at 11 or more of the 18 specific tender point sites

Question 12

What is the difference between osteoporosis and osteopenia?

Answer 12

osteopenia is a less severe form of osteoporosis in which the

Question 13

What is meant by trabecular, cortical, and peak bone mass/density?

Answer 13

cortical bone: “bone covering” trabecular bone: bone tissue, spongy part of bone

Question 14

How are osteoblasts/osteoclasts related?

Answer 14

clasts are breakdown (PTH), blasts building (calcitonin)

Question 15

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis? Why do they contribute to them?

Answer 15

caucasian or asian, female, height <67in, weight <127lb, early menopause, estrogen deficiency, amenorrhea, inactivity

Question 16

How is bone mineral content determined?

Answer 16

DXA scans, bone mineral content per unit area

Question 17

What are the nonpharmacological and pharmacological ways to slow the loss of bone mass?

Answer 17

calcium supplementation, vitamin D supplementation, weight-bearing activities

Question 18

What are some hormonal therapies that alter osteoporosis?

Answer 18

calcitonin, PTH, SERMs, estrogen therapy

Question 19

What is the prevalence of NSLBP

Answer 19

annual rates between 14 and 93%, peak NSLBP occur between 45 and 60 years old

Question 20

LBP has no identifiable cause in what percentage of the cases?
Why is that?

Answer 20

its not a disease state, its a symptom, possibly nerve root compression

Question 21

What are some of the top methods to help determine what is causing NSLBP?

Answer 21

MRI, xrays

Question 22

What are the treatment plans for NSLBP?

Answer 22

medication, exercise, passive modalities, facet joint injections, surgery: spinal discectomy, spinal decompression, and spinal fusion

Question 23

What is SCI?

Answer 23

spinal cord injury- affects conduction of neural signals across the site of the injury or lesion

Question 24

What is meant by tetraplegia vs. quadriplegia?

Answer 24

tetraplegia- dysfunction of the arms
How is it different than paraplegia?

Question 25

Why are men a higher risk factor?

Answer 25

poor decision making

Question 26

What is meant by incomplete vs. complete paraplegia?

Answer 26

complete- w/o sensory function in the lowest sacral segment. -incomplete-partial preservation of sensory or motor function below the neurological level

Question 27

What are the different segments of the spinal cord? How does it relate to SCI?

Answer 27

cervical, thoracic, lumbar

Question 28

An injury to XX section in spine will result in what effect?

Answer 28

C4: quadriplegia, complete paralysis below the neck

Question 29

Why is orthostatic hypotension and autonomic dysreflexia important concepts relating to SCI?

Answer 29

autonomic dysreflexia: when sensory input is cut the body cannot send an appropriate signal. parasympathetic up top, sympathetic at the bottom. triggered by sustained stimuli at T6 or below

Question 30

Why is pulmonary ventilation, bowels, hyperreflexia, endocrine, and osteopenia all impaired in SCI individuals?

Answer 30

autonomic nervous system is disrupted

Question 31

Comorbid diseases are common in SCI patients, why? Which ones are they? Why do they occur or why are they at higher risk?

Answer 31

decreased endocrine response, osteopenia (decreased workload), respiratory problems, coronary artery disease, PAD, type 2 diabetes

Question 32

How might FES help with exercise

Question 33

Why is temperature regulation important in exercise with those who have SCI/tetraplegia?