test 4 Flashcards
(53 cards)
What is classified as COPD? What are the different subclasses?
disease characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction attributable to chronic bronchitis or emphysema
Chronic bronchitis?
presence of a productive cough most days during 3 consecutive months of 2 successive years
Emphysema?
abnormal permanent enlargement of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
How is spirometry used to help and determine COPD?
reduction in FEV1 is a strong predictor of mortality rate
How does FEV1 and FVC relate and what is their ratio testing for?
FEV1= forced expirometry
FVC= total air forced out
What are the different stages of COPD based on the FEV1/FVC ratios?
1: FEV1 >= 50% of predicted; mild
2: FEV1 btwn 35-49% predicted; moderate
3: FEV1 <35% of predicted; severe
How does hyperinflation of the lungs relate to dyspnea?
trapping air in the lungs reduces space available for fresh air to enter the lung leading to SOB
How does COPD cause skeletal muscle dysfunction?
reduction in type 1 fibers and increase in type 2 fibers in quads; indiv. can’t walk as much bc of reduced lung function so atrophy of type 1 fibers and inactivity
What are the exercise responses in COPD patients? Table 19.2
COPD–> dyspnea, inflammation, respiratory work increase, energy intake goes up, protein breakdown increase, hypermetabolism all leads to weight loss and malnutrition
What 2 therapies have been used to help COPD?
oxygen therapy: maintain partial pressure @ 90% saturation
pharmacological therapy: bronchodilation
What are the different pharmacological therapies used for COPD and what are some examples? How do they work?
steroids and beta 2 agonists. both are bronchodilators
How is Asthma related to COPD and why are not classified together?
asthma is not chronic, COPD is chronic. asthma is vasoconstriction and caused by allergies, exercise, leading to inflammation and dyspnea
What is the physiology of asthma?
inflammation in medium sized bronchi, structural changes, hypertrophy and hyperplasia, increased mucus hypersection
What are the factors that cause asthma?
Host factors: genetic, obesity, gender
environmental: indoor allergens, outdoor allergens, infections, smoke, air pollution, diet
What are the roles of CD4 lymphocytes and eosinophils and mast cells in asthma?
believed to promote inflammation by the eosinophils and mast cells- caused by edema formation
how is spirometry used to diagnose
for asthma
- FEV1 (80% of predicted)
-FEV1/FVC (<65% of predicted)
-flow/ volume loop
Is exercise testing required with asthma individuals? When would it be recommended?
typically only reserved for ppl w/ unusual decline in exercise tolerance
What considerations need to be made for exercise training?
for asthma
people w/ asthma are sensitive to changes in air temp & humidity
What are some medications used for asthma and their functions?
corticosteroids, immunomodulators, leukotriene modifiers, long-lasting beta-agonists, methylxanthines
What is cystic fibrosis and what does it effect/what are the symptoms.
a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. symptoms: excessive mucus leading to obstruction of passageways and increased sodium and chloride contents of sweat
What gene is CF located on and what change does it cause?
chromosome 7, produces CFTR, a protein that functions as a chloride channel. abnormal CFTR leads to abnormal sodium chloride and water movement across the cell membrane
What is CFTR and what does it do to cause the symptoms of CF
abnormal CFTR leads to abnormal sodium chloride and water movement across the cell membrane
What other diseases are related to CF?
hemoptysis, nocturnal headaches or cyanosis, pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure
What are the effects of CF on GI system, metabolic system, bone disease, sinuses, and sweat glands?
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: malabsorption of important nutrients (fat and protein)
sinus infections, CF-related diabetes, 20% of CF cases had bone disease, sweat is high in salt/chloride
