Test 2

Question 1

Binary Fission

Answer 1

how prokaryotes reproduce by splitting in two

Question 2

Generation time

Answer 2

The amount of time required to make a new generation

Question 3

What is the population growth formula

Answer 3

T = original pop * 2^n where n = time passed/gen time

Question 4

Optimum growth temperature

Answer 4

The temperature where the organism’s metabolic processes function the most efficiently

Question 5

Psychrophile temp range

Answer 5

-5 C to 15 C

Question 6

Psychrotroph temp range

Answer 6

20 C to 30 C

Question 7

Mesophile temp range

Answer 7

25 C to 45 C ; this range contains most microbes and includes normal human flora and human pathogens

Question 8

Thermophile temp range

Answer 8

45 C to 70 C

Question 9

Hyperthermophile temp range

Answer 9

70 C to 110+ C

Question 10

Microbe that requires oxygen

Answer 10

Obligate Aerobes

Question 11

Microbes that do not require oxygen; O2 can inhibit growth or kill these microbes

Answer 11

Obligate Anaerobes

Question 12

Microbes that can live with or without oxygen

Answer 12

Facultative Anaerobes

Question 13

Microbes that require oxygen but are inhibited by oxygen in high concentrations

Answer 13

Microaerophiles

Question 14

Microbes that tolerate oxygen and only uses fermentation for energy

Answer 14

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Question 15

Neutrophile pH range

Answer 15

around 7

Question 16

Acidophile pH range

Answer 16

less than 5.5

Question 17

Alkalophile pH range

Answer 17

higher than 8.5

Question 18

What are some major elements

Answer 18

O, C, H, N, S, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe

Question 19

Elements found in large amounts

Answer 19

Major Elements

Question 20

Elements found in very small amounts

Answer 20

Trace Elements

Question 21

Growth Factors

Answer 21

a substance required by a cell that the cell cannot synthesize and therefor must obtain from the environment; gotta have it, can’t make it, gotta eat it

Question 22

Autotroph

Answer 22

uses inorganic chemicals to obtain carbon

Question 23

Heterotroph

Answer 23

requires organic chemicals to obtain carbon

Question 24

Phototroph

Answer 24

Gets energy through light

Question 25

Chemotroph

Answer 25

Gets energy through chemicals

Question 26

Photoautotrophs

Answer 26

gets energy from light and carbon from inorganic chemicals

Question 27

Chemolithoautotrophs

Answer 27

gets energy from inorganic chemicals and carbon from inorganic chemicals

Question 28

Photoheterotrophs

Answer 28

gets energy from light and carbon from organic chemicals

Question 29

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

Answer 29

gets energy from organic chemicals and carbon from organic chemicals

Question 30

Continuous culture

Answer 30

Nutrients are added and wastes are removed; grows exponentially

Question 31

Closed culture growth curve stages

Answer 31

1. Lag phase, 2. Exponential phase, 3. Stationary phase, 4. Death phase, 5. Phase of prolonged decline

Question 32

Lag phase

Answer 32

microbes are collecting resources, not multiplying much

Question 33

Exponential Phase

Answer 33

exponential growth, large amounts of duplication

Question 34

Stationary Phase

Answer 34

population remains relatively the same

Question 35

Death Phase

Answer 35

exponential decline in population

Question 36

Phase of prolonged decline

Answer 36

population decline slows as microbes eat resources freed up by the dead

Question 37

Use and Purpose of an Enrichment Culture

Answer 37

Use: to obtain a sample from a natural source; Purpose: to increase the population of the desired organism

Question 38

Doubling Time

Answer 38

the amount of time required for a population to double in size

Question 39

Microbes that live in areas with high salt contents

Answer 39

Halophiles

Question 40

Closed System

Answer 40

a batch culture where no nutrients are added and no wastes are removed

Question 41

Decimal reduction time

Answer 41

time needed to reduce a population by 90%

Question 42

Safety considerations

Answer 42

allergic reactions, drug interactions, damage to host by mode of action or side effects, killing off normal flora, development of resistance

Question 43

Interferons

Answer 43

immune cells that can block viral attacks or make infected cells commit suicide

Question 44

What can anti-viral drugs inhibit

Answer 44

attachment or entry; nucleic acid synthesis; assembly or release; all parts of the reproduction process

Question 45

Metabolite

Answer 45

a substance required by a cell that the cell synthesizes and therefore cannot obtain from the environment; gotta have it, make it, can't eat it

Question 46

Antimicrobial modes of action

Answer 46

Inhibit cell wall synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, plasma membrane disruption, inhibits metabolite synthesis

Question 47

Treatment method that is lethal

Answer 47

-cidal

Question 48

Treatment method that inactivates or prevents growth

Answer 48

-static

Question 49

Selection of Control Method

Answer 49

the microbe, microbial population, environment, risk of infection

Question 50

Non-critical items

Answer 50

Things that come in contact with intact skin

Question 51

Semi-critical items

Answer 51

Things that come in contact with mucous membranes

Question 52

Critical items

Answer 52

Things that come in contact with deeper tissues

Question 53

Thermal death point

Answer 53

The temperature at which all organisms in a suspention are killed in ten minutes

Question 54

Thermal death time

Answer 54

The amount of time required to kill all organisms in a suspention at a given temperature

Question 55

Equivalent Treatments

Answer 55

The approach to control is different, but the result is the same

Question 56

Physical methods of control

Answer 56

heat, filtration, cold, desiccation, pressure, radiation

Question 57

Chemical methods of control

Answer 57

phenol, phenolics, bisphenolics, bignomide, halogens, alcohols, heavy metals, organic acids, aldahydes, gaseous sterilants, peroxygens, surface active agents (surfactants)