Test 3

Question 1

A mosquito harboring Plasmodium vivax in its salivary glands would be a:

Answer 1

Biological vector

Question 2

A bacterial species which in habits our gut for a few months causing no disease would best be described as

Answer 2

Transient flora

Question 3

A disease that occurs at a predictable rate in a given population could be described as

Answer 3

Endemic

Question 4

In which type of disease does the pathogen enter a dormant period

Answer 4

Latent

Question 5

What are the three forms of vehicle transmission

Answer 5

Airborne, foodborne, and waterborne

Question 6

How could normal or transient flora become pathogenic

Answer 6

When they get where they aren’t supposed to be

Question 7

Why are identifying the causative agent, mode of transmission, and source of agent so important epidemiologically?

Answer 7

To stop the spread of the disease

Question 8

Which type of carrier for a contagious disease would pose the greatest risk to public health?

Answer 8

A healthy carrier that shows no signs or symptoms; they are difficult to track

Question 9

What are the four stages of disease development in order?

Answer 9

Incubation, prodromal, illness, convalescence

Question 10

What is a reservoir?

Answer 10

Where the pathogen stays when it is not making you sick

Question 11

What are the four mechanisms for antibiotic resistance?

Answer 11

Blocking entry, inactivation of antibiotic by bacterial enzymes, alteration/elimination of the target molecule, and efflux

Question 12

What is blocking entry

Answer 12

Receptors prevent antibodies from entering the cell

Question 13

What is alteration/elimination of a target molecule

Answer 13

Changes the structure of the target or eliminates the target

Question 14

What is efflux

Answer 14

“Spitting it up”

Question 15

What are the main virulence factors

Answer 15

Bacterial capsule, cell wall/membrane components, enzymes, antigenic variation, penetration of host cells, antibiotic/antimicrobial drug resistance

Question 16

What are adhesins

Answer 16

Anything a pathogen uses to adhere to the body’s tissues

Question 17

ID50

Answer 17

Infectious dose 50%; measures the ability to infect

Question 18

LD50

Answer 18

Lethal Dose 50%; measures the potency of a toxin

Question 19

What is a pathogen’s PoE

Answer 19

A pathogen’s preferred portal of entry offers it the best chance of establishing infection

Question 20

List some portals of entry

Answer 20

Skin, mucous membranes, parenteral route(wound infection)

Question 21

Clinical case

Answer 21

Displays enough syndrome to meet diagnostic threshold

Question 22

Subclinical case

Answer 22

Does not display enough syndrome to meet diagnostic threshold

Question 23

Rolles of microbes in disease

Answer 23

Colonization, infection, normal/transient flora, opportunistic pathogens, primary pathogens

Question 24

Opportunistic pathogen

Answer 24

Cannot establish an infection in an otherwise healthy host; requires a weakened host or access to areas of the body they normally cannot

Question 25

Colonization

Answer 25

The establishment of microbes in or on host tissues

Question 26

Infection

Answer 26

The colonization of host tissues by a pathogen

Question 27

Primary pathogen

Answer 27

Can establish an infection in an otherwise healthy host

Question 28

Etiology

Answer 28

The cause of the disease; causative agent

Question 29

Signs of disease

Answer 29

Observable or measurable; ie fever

Question 30

Symptoms of disease

Answer 30

How the patient feels; ie pain, nausea

Question 31

Syndromes of disease

Answer 31

Signs and symptoms you expect to accompany a clinical case of the disease

Question 32

Communicable

Answer 32

Can be transferred from host to host by physical contact (STD)

Question 33

Contagious

Answer 33

Can be transferred from host to host easily including direct and indirect contact

Question 34

Occurrence

Answer 34

Incidence, prevalence, frequency

Question 35

Sporadic

Answer 35

Occurrence is random

Question 36

Endemic

Answer 36

Occurrence is expected to occur in a relatively predictable rate

Question 37

Epidemic

Answer 37

An abnormal increase in occurrence of a particular disease

Question 38

Pandemic

Answer 38

Occurring on two continents simultaneously

Question 39

Acute

Answer 39

Very severe; may or may not have rapid onset, but has a short duration followed by a conclusion

Question 40

Chronic

Answer 40

May or may not have a long onset, but has a long duration followed by a conclusion

Question 41

Latent

Answer 41

Has periods of pathogenic inactivity or dormancy; may or may not have a conclusion

Question 42

Localized

Answer 42

Confined to a single place or tissue

Question 43

Systemic

Answer 43

Involves multiple locations and/or tissues; may or may not include the blood

Question 44

Focal

Answer 44

A localized infection that gets in the blood and moves to another spot

Question 45

Sick carrier

Answer 45

Not as dangerous to public health because, at some point, they display signs/symptoms

Question 46

Healthy carrier

Answer 46

More dangerous to public health; remains unaffected by the pathogen and never shows signs/symptoms

Question 47

Incubation period

Answer 47

The time between exposure and the onset of signs/symptoms; can vary greatly

Question 48

Prodromal period

Answer 48

The time of mild signs/symptoms; varies greatly (may or may not have symptoms)

Question 49

Period of illness

Answer 49

Time with most severe signs/symptoms

Question 50

Period of convalescence

Answer 50

Time of cessation of signs/symptoms and a return to the normal state of health

Question 51

Source

Answer 51

Where a pathogen is coming from

Question 52

Containment

Answer 52

About breaking the chain of transmission

Question 53

Direct contact

Answer 53

Requires physical connection

Question 54

Indirect contact

Answer 54

One host puts the pathogen onto an object in the environment and is picked up by another host

Question 55

Fonite

Answer 55

An inanimate object in the environment

Question 56

Droplet

Answer 56

The pathogen is suspended in a mucous droplet

Question 57

Mechanical vector

Answer 57

One that carries the pathogen on or in its body

Question 58

Biological vector

Answer 58

One that harbors the pathogen in its tissues

Question 59

Superantigens

Answer 59

Associates with our tissues, causing our immune system to damage those tissues

Question 60

What are the parts of an A-B Toxin

Answer 60

A: active portion; attacks the cell. B: binding portion; attached to host cell surface receptors, allowing entry

Question 61

Membrane-disrupting toxins

Answer 61

Eat holes in cell membranes and cause cells to burst