Test 2

Question 1

pollution

Answer 1

environmental disturbance that adversely affects the well-being of an organism or the natural processes upon which it depends

Question 2

pollutant

Answer 2

type of material that is involved in disturbance.

ex: car, noise

Question 3

natural resource

Answer 3

everything in our biosphere, make use of things we find, includes sunlight, water, rocks, plants, animals

ex: renewable resources: all living things that can reproduce and grow
ex: nonrenewable resources: resources are limited

Question 4

fossil fuels

Answer 4

oil, coal, natural gas: organisms that were alive at some point, died and due to heat and pressure became fossil fuels underground

Question 5

types of pollution

Answer 5

air, water, soil

Question 6

air pollutants-gases

Answer 6

carbon monoxide: odorless, colorless
ex: acute-death, dizziness, chronic: heart attack / sulfur oxide (inflammation), nitrogen oxide (lung irritation), particulates (soot, dust)

Question 7

effects of carbon monoxide

Answer 7

deprives us of oxygen, binds onto hemoglobin molecules

Question 8

osmosis

Answer 8

movement of water through semi-permeable membrane from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Question 9

Noise pollution

Answer 9

supersonic transport, 150 decibels is super loud.

Question 10

water pollutants-plastic

Answer 10

plastic nets entangle and kill fish, birds and mammals. sea turtles eat plastic thinking they are jellyfish and die.

Question 11

pollutants-oil

Answer 11

1/2 comes from seepage from offshore deposits, birds and mammals get coated by oil and die from hypothermia cos they lose insulate quality/ 1/5 comes from tanker spills and pipe leaks/ rest (30%) from oil improperly disposed on land.

Question 12

Chemical

Answer 12

60,000 chemicals sold in the U.S., 8,600 are food additives, 3,400 cosmetic ingredients, 35,00 pesticides/ organic nutrients: waste from livestock feed lots and human sewage. /infectious: virus, parasites/ toxic: salt on roads.

Question 13

Eutrophication

Answer 13

increase in nitrates and phosphates/ system is out of balance

Question 14

infectious agents (chemical)

Answer 14

virus, protozoa, bacteria, parasites

Question 15

sediments (structural)

Answer 15

logging, agriculture, ranching, mining construction of roads and buildings

Question 16

hazardous wastes

Answer 16

groundwater and soil contamination, fish kills, livestock diseases, human diseases

Question 17

pesticides

Answer 17

each year, weeds, insects, bacteria, fungi, viruses, birds and rodents consume or destroy about 48% of worlds food production

Question 18

DDT

Answer 18

does not breakdown, stored in body fat, found in penguins, seals, human breast milk/ accumulates up the food chain.

Question 19

ethology

Answer 19

study of behavior

Question 20

behavior

Answer 20

response to stimulus

Question 21

stimulus

Answer 21

change in environment that an individual responds toward
ex: feeling cold: stimulus
putting on coat: response

Question 22

instinctual or innate behavior

Answer 22

cat licking fur, baby smiling

Question 23

learned behavior

Answer 23

obtained though experience, many different types

Question 24

imprinting

Answer 24

an animal thinks you are its parent, occurs in ducks, geese, chickens/ critical sensitive period/ 1st demonstrated by Konrad Lorenz (Austrian scientist)

Question 25

classical conditioning

Answer 25

bell ringing and dog salivating/ 1st demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov

Question 26

Habituation

Answer 26

birds and gunfire (birds destroying crops: gunfire goes off to scare birds away), birds become used to the sound. ex: squirrels on campus are used to students

Question 27

operant conditioning (trial and error)

Answer 27

organism learns from mistakes/ rats in maze experiments (learns way out after trying many times)

Question 28

insight learning

Answer 28

light bulb moment. / Jane Goodall and chimps (uses tools to solve problems)

Question 29

visual

Answer 29

used to attract opposite sex, or used as a threat.

Question 30

acoustic (sound)

Answer 30

attract opposite sex or used as a threat, or keep group together (wolves howl to find one another)

Question 31

chemicals

Answer 31

insects give off pheromones to attract opposite sex, dogs urinate to mark territory

Question 32

tactile (touch)

Answer 32

bees communicate through wiggling

Question 33

Theory of Catastrophism

Answer 33

Georges Cuvier-famous French comparative anatomist/ noticed discrepancy in fossil record, suggested all organisms were created at once, through catastrophes many became extinct.

Question 34

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Answer 34

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck- famous French scientist/ believed that organisms change through time cos environment is not constant, organisms change to perfectly fit environment.

Question 35

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Answer 35

all populations have the reproductive capacity to increase in numbers, but all individuals do not survive cos of carrying capacity, all individuals are made of genes but not all genes are the same, some genes are better at surviving, natural selection determines which genes survive and which do not

Question 36

evolution

Answer 36

genetic changes through time, macro-evolution= change at genetic level

Question 37

gene

Answer 37

specific region of DNA molecule or information inherited from parents

Question 38

gene pool

Answer 38

pool of genetic resources

Question 39

allele

Answer 39

alternate form of a gene. ex: blue eyes

Question 40

4 processes of microevolution

Answer 40

mutation, genetic flow, genetic drift, natural selection

Question 41

mutation

Answer 41

actual change in DNA resulted in altered allele.

Question 42

species

Answer 42

particular kind of organism

Question 43

speciation

Answer 43

process by which species form

Question 44

allopatric

Answer 44

different homelands, ex: black bear and polar bear- do not occur in same habitat

Question 45

sympatric

Answer 45

same homeland, occur in same environment

Question 46

genetic divergence

Answer 46

populations become genetically different

Question 47

allopatric speciation

Answer 47

physical barrier

Question 48

sympatric speciation

Answer 48

no physical barrier

Question 49

Theory of Common Descent

Answer 49

fossil record, lines of evidence, embryonic development, comparative morphology, comparative biochemistry

Question 50

classification

Answer 50

Carolus von Linnaeus: swedish botanist, binomial nomenclature- genus + specific epithet = species

Question 51

Six Kingdoms

Answer 51

archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Question 52

physical

Answer 52

thermal: hot water from nuclear power plants

Question 53

structural

Answer 53

sediments: logging, agriculture, ranching, mining, construction of roads and buildings